3D film

All you want to know about 3D film

Further information: stereoscopy

In film, the term 3-D (or 3D) is used to describe any visual presentation system that attempts to maintain or recreate moving images of the third dimension, the illusion of depth as seen by the viewer.

The technique usually involves filming two images simultaneously, with two cameras positioned side by side, generally facing each other and filming at a 90 degree angle via mirrors, in perfect synchronization and with identical technical characteristics. When viewed in such a way that each eye sees its photographed counterpart, the viewer's visual cortex will interpret the pair of images as a single three-dimensional image. Modern computer technology also allows for the production of 3D films without dual cameras.

Contents

Techniques

There are several methods of projecting natural, stereoscopic images. They can be categorized into mainly three categories.

LCD shutter glasses

Glasses containing liquid crystal that will let light through in synchronization with the images on the computer display, using the concept of alternate-frame sequencing. XpanD 3D are using this methought with Digital cinema in over 400 digital cinemas


Linearly polarized glasses

To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through orthogonal polarizing filters. It is best to use a silver screen so that polarization is preserved. The projectors can receive their outputs from a computer with a dual-head graphics card. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which also contain a pair of orthogonal polarizing filters. As each filter only passes light which is similarly polarized and blocks the orthogonally polarized light, each eye only sees one of the images, and the effect is achieved. Linearly polarized glasses require the viewer to keep his head level, as tilting of the viewing filters will cause the images of the left and right channels to bleed over to the opposite channel – on the other hand, viewers learn very quickly not to tilt their heads. In addition, since no head tracking is involved, several people can view the stereocopic images at the same time.


Circularly polarized glasses

To present a stereoscopic motion picture, two images are projected superimposed onto the same screen through circular polarizing filters of opposite handedness. The viewer wears low-cost eyeglasses which contain a pair of analyzing filters (circular polarizes mounted in reverse) of opposite handedness. Light that is left-circularly polarized is extinguished by the right-handed analyzer; while right-circularly polarized light is extinguished by the left-handed analyzer. The result is similar to that of stereoscopic viewing using linearly polarized glasses; except the viewer can tilt his head and still maintain left/right separation. RealD and masterimage uses electronically driven circular polarizes that alternate between left-and right- handedness, and does so in sync with the left or right image being displayed by the digital cinema projector.


Anaglyph image

Anaglyph images have seen a recent resurgence due to the presentation of images on the internet. Where traditionally, this has been a largely black & white format, recent digital camera and processing advances have brought very acceptable color images to the internet and DVD field. With the online availability of low cost paper glasses with improved red-cyan filters, and even better plastic framed glasses, the field is growing fast. Scientific images, where depth perception is useful, include the presentation of complex multi-dimensional data sets and stereographic images from (for example) the surface of Mars, but due to recent release of 3D DVDs, they are increasingly used for entertainment. Anaglyph images are much easier to view than either parallel sighting or crossed eye stereograms, although the latter types offer bright and accurate color rendering,particularly in the red component, which is muted, or desaturated with even the best color anaglyphs. A compensating technique, commonly known as Anachrome, which uses a slightly more transparent cyan filter in the patented glasses associated with the technique. Process reconfigures the typical anaglyph image to have less parallax.


ColorCode 3-D

ColorCode 3-D is a new, patented 3-D Stereo system. It is advertised to improve color and depth information over traditional Red/Cyan or Red/Green Anaglyphic 3d. It uses the somewhat odd colors of Yellow and Dark Blue on-screen, and the colors of the glasses' lenses are Amber and Dark Blue. The Amber lens, however, lets in a little bit of every color on the spectrum, causing for heavy shadowing when viewed at close range. It is not in common use, and has yet to become a mainstream system.

Without glasses

With the aid of a viewing device

  • Stereoscopic Viewing Devices or head mounted displays.

Furthermore, alternative systems, such as Pulfrich effect and Chromadepth exist, but fall under the realm of "pseudo-stereoscopic" in that two, separate records are not recorded or projected.

In the context of many computer games, 3D computer graphics refer to being composed of objects in a virtual 3-D world, not that they can be viewed in 3-D. For a stereoscopic 3-D game, as for everything else stereoscopic, two pictures (one for each eye), are needed.

History

Early patents and tests

The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the late 1890s when British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3-D movie process. In his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images. Because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical.[1]

Frederick Eugene Ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900. The camera had two lenses coupled together 1 3/4 inches apart.[2]

On June 10, 1915, Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City. In red-green anaglyph, the audience was presented three reels of tests, which included rural scenes, test shots of Marie Doro, a segment of John Mason playing a number of passages from Jim the Penman (a film released by Famous Players-Lasky that year, but not in 3-D), Oriental dancers, and a reel of footage of Niagara Falls.[3] However, according to Adolph Zukor in his 1953 autobiography The Public Is Never Wrong: My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry, nothing was produced in this process after these tests.

Early systems of stereoscopic filmmaking (pre-1952)

The earliest confirmed 3-D film shown to a paying audience was The Power of Love, which premiered at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles on September 27, 1922. The camera rig was a product of the film's producer, Harry K. Fairall, and cinematographer Robert F. Elder.[1] It was projected dual-strip in the red/green anaglyph format, making it both the earliest known film that utilized dual strip projection and the earliest known film in which anaglyph glasses were used.[4] Whether Fairall used colored filters on the projection ports or whether he used tinted prints is unknown, but it is the first documented instance of dual-strip projection. After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered lost.

Early in December 1922, William Van Doren Kelley cashed in on the growing interest in 3-D films started by Fairall's demonstration and shot footage with a camera system of his own design. Kelley then struck a deal with Samuel "Roxy" Rothafel to premiere the first in his series of "Plasticon" shorts entitled Movies of the Future at the Rivoli Theater in New York City .[5]

Kelley, who was primarily a producer of color films, used his color system, Prizma, to print his anaglyph films. In early 1923, he shopped around a second Plasticon entitled Through the Trees - Washington D.C., shot by William T. Crespinel, which consisted of stereoscopic views of Washington, D.C., but found no buyers. [5]

A detail from an article about the Teleview system, created by Hammond and Cassidy. Only one feature was ever produced with the system.

Also in December 1922, Laurens Hammond (later inventor of the Hammond organ) and William F. Cassidy unveiled their Teleview system. Teleview was the earliest alternate-frame sequencing form of projection. Through the use of two interlocked projectors, alternating left/right frames were projected one after another in rapid succession. Synchronized viewers attached to the arm-rests of the seats in the theater open and closed at the same time, and took advantage of the viewer's persistence of vision, thereby creating a true stereoscopic image. The only theater known to have installed this system was the Selwyn Theater in New York. Only one show was ever produced for the system, a groups of shorts and the only Teleview feature The Man From M.A.R.S. (later re-released as Radio-Mania) on 27 December 1922 in New York City.[6]

In 1923, Frederick Eugene Ives and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period. The first film entitled, Plastigrams, which was distributed nationally by Educational Pictures in the red/blue anaglyph format. Ives and Leventhal then went on to produce the following stereoscopic shorts in the "Stereoscopiks Series" for Pathé Films in 1925: Zowie (April 10), Luna-cy (May 18), The Run-Away Taxi (December 17) and Ouch (December 17).[7]

The late 1920s to early 1930s saw little to no interest in stereoscopic pictures, largely due to the Great Depression. In Paris, Louis Lumiere shot footage with his stereoscopic camera in September 1933. The following year, in March 1934, he premiered his remake of his 1895 film L'Arrivée du Train, this time in anaglyphic 3-D.

In 1936, Leventhal and John Norling were hired based on their test footage to film MGM's Audioscopiks series. The prints were by Technicolor in the red/green anaglyph format, and were narrated by Pete Smith. The first film, Audioscopiks, premiered January 11, 1936 and The New Audioscopiks premiered January 15, 1938. Audioscopiks was nominated for the Academy Award for Short Film - Novelty in 1936.

With the success of the two Audioscopiks films, MGM produced one more short in anaglyph 3-D, another Pete Smith Specialty called Third Dimensional Murder (1941). Unlike its predecessors, this short was shot with a studio-built camera rig. Prints were by Technicolor in red/blue anaglyph. The short is notable for being one of the few live-action appearances of the Frankenstein Monster as conceived by Jack Pierce for Universal Studios outside of their company.

While many of these films were printed by color systems, none of them was actually in color, and the use of the color printing was only to achieve an anaglyph effect.

Introduction of Polaroid

While attending Harvard University, Edwin H. Land conceived the idea of reducing glare by polarizing light. He took a leave of absence from Harvard to set up a lab and by 1929 had invented and patented a polarizing sheet.[8] In 1932, he introduced Polaroid J Sheet as a commercial product.[9] While his original intention was to create a filter for reducing glare from car headlights, Land did not underestimate the utility of his newly dubbed Polaroid filters in stereoscopic presentations.

In January 1936, Land gave the first demonstration of Polaroid filters in conjunction with 3-D photography at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel.[citation needed] The reaction was enthusiastic, and he followed it up with an installation at the New York Museum of Science.[citation needed] It is unknown what film was run for audiences with this installation.

Using Polaroid filters meant an entirely new set-up, however. Two prints, each carrying either the right or left eye, had to be synced up in projection using an external selsyn motor. Furthermore, polarized light would not register on a matte white screen, and only a silver screen or screen made of other reflective material would correctly reflect the separate images.

Later that year, the feature, Nozze Vagabonde appeared in Italy[citation needed], followed by the first color 3-D feature, Zum Greifen Nah which premiered in Germany the following year[citation needed]. It is unknown whether or not these films took advantage of the Polaroid filter system in projection, but the possibility is present.

In 1939, John Norling shot In Tune With Tomorrow, the first Polaroid 3-D film shown for a paying audience in the US[citation needed]. This short premiered at the 1939 New York World's Fair and was created specifically for the Chrysler Motor Pavilion. In it, a full 1939 Chrysler Plymouth is magically put together, set to music. Originally in black and white, the film was so popular that it was re-shot in color for the following year at the fair, under the title New Dimensions[citation needed]. In 1953, it was reissued by RKO as Motor Rhythm.

Another early short that utilized the Polaroid 3-D process was 1940's Magic Movies: Thrills For You produced by the Pennsylvania Railroad Co. for the Golden Gate International Exposition[citation needed]. Produced by John Norling, it was actually shot for him by Jacob Leventhal using his own rig. It consisted of shots of various views that could be seen on Pennsylvania Railroad's trains.

The 1940s was further hindered by World War II, and stereoscopic photography once again went on the back-burner in most producers' minds.

The "golden era" (1952-1955)

What aficionados consider the "golden era" of 3-D began in 1952 with the release of the first color stereoscopic feature, Bwana Devil, produced, written and directed by Arch Oboler. The film was shot in Natural Vision, a process that was co-created and controlled by M. L. Gunzberg. Gunzberg, who built the rig with his brother, Julian, and two other associates, shopped it without success to various studios before Oboler used it for this feature, which went into production with the title, The Lions of Gulu.[citation needed] The film stars Robert Stack, Barbara Britton and Nigel Bruce.

As with practically all of the features made during this boom, Bwana Devil was projected dual-strip, with Polaroid filters. During the 1950s, the familiar disposable anaglyph glasses made of cardboard were mainly used for comic books, two shorts by exploitation specialist Dan Sonney, and three shorts produced by Lippert Productions. However, even the Lippert shorts were available in the dual-strip format alternatively.

Because the features utilized two projectors, a capacity limit of film being loaded onto each projector (about 6,000 feet, or an hour's worth of film) meant that an intermission was necessary for every movie. Quite often, intermission points were written into the script of the film at a major plot point.

During Christmas of 1952, producer Sol Lesser quickly premiered the dual-strip showcase called Stereo Techniques in Chicago.[citation needed] Lesser acquired the rights to five dual-strip shorts. Two of them, Now is the Time (to Put On Your Glasses) and Around is Around, were directed by Norman McLaren in 1951 for the National Film Board of Canada. The other three films were produced in Britain for Festival of Britain in 1951 by Raymond Spottiswoode. These were A Solid Explanation, Royal River, and The Black Swan.

James Mage was also an early pioneer in the 3-D craze. Using his 16mm 3-D Bolex system, he premiered his Triorama program on February 10, 1953 with his four shorts: Sunday In Stereo, Indian Summer, American Life, and This is Bolex Stereo[citation needed]. This show is considered lost.

Another early 3-D film during the boom was the Lippert Productions short, A Day in the Country, narrated by Joe Besser and composed mostly of test footage. Unlike all of the other Lippert shorts, which were available in both dual-strip and anaglyph, this production was released in anaglyph only.

April 1953 saw two groundbreaking features in 3-D: Columbia's Man In the Dark and Warner Bros. House of Wax, the first 3-D feature with stereophonic sound. House of Wax, outside of Cinerama, was the first time many American audiences heard recorded stereophonic sound. It was also the film that typecast Vincent Price as a horror star as well as the "King of 3-D" after he became the actor to star in the most 3-D features ( the others were The Mad Magician, Dangerous Mission, and Son of Sinbad ). The success of these two films proved that major studios now had a method of getting moviegoers back into theaters and away from television sets, which were causing a steady decline in attendance.

The Walt Disney Studios waded into 3-D with its May 28, 1953 release of Melody, which accompanied the first 3-D western, Columbia's Fort Ti at its Los Angeles opening. It was later shown at Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater in 1957 as part of a program with Disney's other short Working for Peanuts, entitled, 3-D Jamboree. The show was hosted by the Mousketeers and was in color.

Universal-International released their first 3-D feature on May 27, 1953, It Came from Outer Space, with stereophonic sound. Following that was Paramount's first feature, Sangaree with Fernando Lamas and Arlene Dahl.

Columbia produced several 3-D westerns produced by Sam Katzman and directed by William Castle. Castle would later specialize in various technical in-theater gimmicks for such Columbia features as 13 Ghosts, House on Haunted Hill, and The Tingler. Columbia also produced the only slapstick comedies conceived for 3-D. The Three Stooges starred in Spooks and Pardon My Backfire; dialect comic Harry Mimmo starred in Down the Hatch. Producer Jules White was optimistic about the possibilities of 3-D as applied to slapstick (with pies and other projectiles aimed at the audience), but only two of his stereoscopic shorts were shown in 3-D. Down the Hatch was released as a conventional, "flat" motion picture. (Columbia has since printed Down the Hatch in 3-D for film festivals.)

John Ireland, Joanne Dru and Macdonald Carey starred in the Jack Broder color production Hannah Lee, which premiered June 19, 1953. The film was directed by Ireland, who sued Broder for his salary. Broder countersued, claiming that Ireland went over production costs with the film.[citation needed]

Another famous entry in the golden era of 3-D was the 3 Dimensional Pictures production of Robot Monster. The film was allegedly scribed in an hour by screenwriter Wyott Ordung and filmed in a period of two weeks on a shoestring budget.[citation needed] Despite these shortcomings and the fact that the crew had no previous experience with the newly-built camera rig, luck was on the cinematographer's side, as many find the 3-D photography in the film is well shot and aligned. Robot Monster also has a notable score by then up-and-coming composer Elmer Bernstein. The film was released June 24, 1953 and went out with the short Stardust in Your Eyes, which starred nightclub comedian, Slick Slavin.[citation needed]

20th Century Fox produced their only 3-D feature, Inferno, starring Rhonda Fleming. Fleming, who also starred in Those Redheads from Seattle, and Jivaro, shares the spot for being the actress to appear in the most 3-D features with Patricia Medina, who starred in Sangaree, Phantom of the Rue Morgue and Drums of Tahiti. Darryl F. Zanuck expressed little interest in stereoscopic systems, and at that point was preparing to premiere the new widescreen film system, CinemaScope.

The first decline in the theatrical 3-D craze started in the late summer/early fall of 1953. The factors causing this decline were:

  • Two prints had to be projected simultaneously.
  • The prints had to remain exactly alike after repair, or synchronization would be lost.
  • It sometimes required two projectionists to keep sync working properly.
  • When either prints or shutters became out of sync, the picture became virtually unwatchable and accounted for headaches and eyestrain.
  • The necessary silver projection screen was very directional and caused sideline seating to be unusable with both 3-D and regular films, due to the angular darkening of these screens. Later films that opened in wider-seated venues often premiered flat for that reason (such at Kiss Me Kate at the Radio City Music Hall).

Because projection booth operators were at many times careless, even at preview screenings of 3-D films, trade and newspaper critics claimed that certain films were "hard on the eyes."[citation needed]

Sol Lesser attempted to follow up Stereo Techniques with a new showcase, this time five shorts that he himself produced.[citation needed] The project was to be called The 3-D Follies and was to be distributed by RKO.[citation needed] Unfortunately, because of financial difficulties and the growing disinterest in 3-D, Lesser cancelled the project during the summer of 1953, making it the first 3-D film to be aborted in production.[citation needed] Two of the three shorts were shot: Carmenesque, a burlesque number starring exotic dancer Lili St. Cyr. and Fun in the Sun, a sports short directed by famed set designer/director William Cameron Menzies, who also directed the 3-D feature The Maze for Allied Artists.

Although it was more expensive to install, the major competing realism process was anamorphic, first utilized by Fox with Cinemascope and its September premiere in The Robe. Anamorphic features needed only a single print, so synchronization was not an issue. Cinerama was also a competitor from the start and had better quality control than 3-D because it was owned by one company that focussed on quality control. However, most of the 3-D features past the summer of 1953 were released in the flat widescreen formats ranging from 1.66:1 to 1.85:1. In early studio advertisements and articles about widescreen and 3-D formats, widescreen systems were referred to as "3-D," causing some confusion among scholars.

There was no single instance of combining Cinemascope with 3-D until 1960, with a film called September Storm, and even then, that was a blow-up from a non-anamorphic negative.[citation needed] September Storm also went out with the last dual-strip short, Space Attack, which was actually shot in 1954 under the title The Adventures of Sam Space.

In December 1953, 3-D made a comeback with the release of several important 3-D films, including MGM's musical Kiss Me, Kate. Kate was the hill over which 3-D had to pass to survive. MGM tested it in six theaters: three in 3-D and three flat.[citation needed] According to trade ads of the time, the 3-D version was so well-received that the film quickly went into a wide stereoscopic release.[citation needed] However, most publications, including Kenneth Macgowan's classic film reference book Behind the Screen, state that the film did much better as a "regular" release. The film, based on the popular Samuel and Bella Spewack musical, starred the MGM songbird team of Howard Keel and Kathryn Grayson as the leads, supported by Ann Miller, Keenan Wynn, Bobby Van, James Whitmore, Kurt Kasznar and Tommy Rall. The film also prominently promoted its use of stereophonic sound.

Several other features that helped put 3-D back on the map that month were the John Wayne feature Hondo (distributed by Warner Bros.), Columbia's Miss Sadie Thompson with Rita Hayworth, and Paramount's Money From Home with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Paramount also released the cartoon shorts Boo Moon with Casper, the Friendly Ghost and Popeye, Ace of Space with Popeye the Sailor. Paramount Pictures released a 3-D Korean War film Cease Fire filmed on actual Korean locations in 1953.

Top Banana, based on the popular stage musical with Phil Silvers, was brought to the screen with the original cast. Although it was merely a filmed stage production, the idea was that every audience member would feel they would have the best seat in the house through color photography and 3-D.[citation needed] Although the film was shot and edited in 3-D, United Artists, the distributor, felt the production was uneconomical in stereoscopic form and released the film flat on January 27, 1954.[citation needed] It remains one of two "Golden era" 3- D features, along with another United Artists feature, Southwest Passage (with John Ireland and Joanne Dru), that are currently considered lost (although flat versions survive).

A string of successful 3-D movies followed the second wave. Some highlights are:

  • The French Line, starring Jane Russell and Gilbert Roland, a Howard Hughes/RKO production. The film became notorious for being released without an MPAA seal of approval, after several suggestive lyrics were included, as well as one of Ms. Russell's particularly revealing costumes.[citation needed] Playing up her sex appeal, one tagline for the film was, "It'll knock both of your eyes out!" The film was later cut and approved by the MPAA for a general flat release, despite having a wide and profitable 3-D release.[citation needed]
  • Taza, Son of Cochise, which starred Rock Hudson in the title role, Barbara Rush as the love interest, and Rex Reason (billed as Bart Roberts) as his renegade brother, released through Universal-International.
  • Dial M for Murder, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Ray Milland, Robert Cummings, and Grace Kelly, is considered by aficionados of 3-D to be one of the best examples of the process. Although available in 3-D in 1954, there are no known playdates in 3-D, since Warner Bros. had just instated a simultaneous 3-D/2-D release policy. The film's screening in 3-D in February 1980 at the York Theater in San Francisco did so well that Warner Bros. re-released the film in 3-D in February 1982.
  • Gog, an Ivan Tors production, dealing with realistic science fiction. The second film in Tors' "Office of Scientific Investigation" trilogy of film, which included, The Magnetic Monster and Riders to the Stars.
  • The Diamond Wizard, the only stereoscopic feature shot in Britain, released flat in both the UK and US. It starred and was directed by Dennis O'Keefe.
  • Irwin Allen's Dangerous Mission released by RKO in 1954 featuring Allen's trademarks of an all star cast facing a disaster (a forest fire).
  • Son of Sinbad, another RKO/Howard Hughes production, starring Dale Robertson, Lili St. Cyr, and Vincent Price. The film was shelved after Hughes ran into difficulty with The French Line, and wasn't released until 1955, at which time it went out flat, converted to the SuperScope process.

3-D's final decline was in the late spring of 1954, for the same reasons as the previous lull, as well as the further success of widescreen formats with theater operators. Even though Polaroid had created a well-designed "Tell-Tale Filter Kit" for the purpose of recognizing and adjusting out of sync and phase 3-D,[citation needed] exhibitors still felt uncomfortable with the system and turned their focus instead to processes such as CinemaScope. The last 3-D feature to be released in that format during the "Golden era" was Revenge of the Creature, on February 23, 1955. Ironically, the film had a wide release in 3-D and was well received at the box office.[citation needed]

Revival (1960-1979) in single strip format

Stereoscopic films largely remained dormant for the first part of the 1960s, with those that were released usually being anaglyph exploitation films. One film of notoriety was the Beaver-Champion/Warner Bros. production, The Mask (1961). The film was shot in 2-D, but to enhance the bizarre qualities of the dream-world that is induced when the main character puts on a cursed tribal mask, the film went to anaglyph 3-D. These scenes were printed by Technicolor on their first run in red/green anaglyph.

Although 3-D films appeared sparsely during the early 1960s, the true second wave of 3-D cinema was set into motion with the same producer who started the craze of the 1950s. Using a new technology called Space-Vision 3D, stereoscopic films were printed with two images, one above the other, in a single academy ratio frame, on a single strip, and needed only one projector fitted with a special lens. This so-called "over and under" technique eliminated the need for dual projector set-ups, and produced widescreen, but darker, less vivid, polarized 3-D images. Unlike earlier dual system, it could stay in perfect sync, unless improperly spliced in repair.

Arch Oboler once again had the vision for the system that no one else would touch, and put it to use on his film entitled The Bubble, which starred Michael Cole, Deborah Walley, and Johnny Desmond. As with Bwana Devil, the critics panned The Bubble, but audiences flocked to see it, and it became financially sound enough to promote the use of the system to other studios, particularly independents, who did not have the money for expensive dual-strip prints of their productions.

In 1970, Stereovision, a new entity founded by director/inventor Allan Silliphant and optical designer Chris Condon, developed a different 35 mm single-strip format, which printed two images squeezed side-by-side and used an anamorphic lens to widen the pictures through polaroid filters. Louis K. Sher (Sherpix) and Stereovision released the softcore sex comedy The Stewardesses (self-rated X, but later re-rated R by the MPAA). The film cost $100,000 USD to produce, and ran for up to a year in several markets.[citation needed] eventually earning $27 million in North America, alone ($114 million in constant-2007 dollars) in fewer than 800 theaters, becoming the most profitable 3-Dimensional film to date, and in purely relative terms, one of the most profitable films ever. It was later released in 70mm 3-D. Some 36 films world-wide were made with Stereovision over 25 years, using either a widescreen (above-below), anamorphic (side by side) or 70mm 3-D formats.[citation needed] 3-D legend Chris Condon, and Director Ed Meyer, are set to remake The Stewardesses, the most successful 3D film in history, in XpanD 3D, RealD and Dolby 3D in 2009.

The quality of the following 3-D films were not much more inventive, as many were either softcore and even hardcore adult films, horror films, or a combination of both. Paul Morrisey's Flesh For Frankenstein (aka Andy Warhol's Frankenstein) was a superlative example of such a combination.

The revival's apex (1980-1984)

In the 1980s, IMAX (Large format-sideways running, 70mm) began offering non-fiction films in 3-D, starting with the 20-min. National Film Board of Canada production Transitions, created for Expo 86 in Vancouver. The first IMAX 3-D fiction film was the 45-minute Wings of Courage (1995), by director Jean-Jacques Annaud, about the author and pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.

Using the over-under process pioneered by SpaceVision, Hollywood's film-makers hit a craze comparable to that of the one thirty years previous. With the popularity of StereoVision re-issues of House of Wax and Dial M for Murder, newly inspired directors jumped the bandwagon in creating 3-D films geared towards newer, mainstream audiences. Some of these included:

3-D formats (1984-Present)

In 1998, with the release of KISS's highly anticipated come-back album Psycho Circus, they released the first 3-D music video for the album's title track "Psycho Circus".

In 2003, James Cameron's Ghosts of the Abyss was released as the first full-length 3-D IMAX feature filmed with the Reality Camera System. This camera system used the latest HDTV video cameras, not film, and was built for Cameron to his specifications. The same camera system was used to film Spy Kids 3D: Game Over (2003), Aliens of the Deep IMAX (2005), and The Adventures of Sharkboy and Lavagirl in 3-D (2005).

In August 2004, rap group Insane Clown Posse released their ninth studio album Hell's Pit. One of two versions of the album contained a DVD featuring a short film for the track "Bowling Balls". This was the first 3-D film shot in hi-definition video, making a world record.

In November 2004, Polar Express was released as IMAX's first full-length, animated 3-D feature. It was released in over 3,550 theaters in 2D, and only 62 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3-D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3-D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. This has prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3-D and 3-D presentation of animated films.

In June of 2005 The Manns Chinese 6 theatre in Hollywood became the first commercial movie theatre, be equipped with the Digital 3D format. Both Singing In The Rain and The Polar Express were tested in the Digital 3D format over the course of several months

In November 2005, Walt Disney Studio Entertainment released Chicken Little in digital 3-D format.

In January, 2008, 3ality Digital and National Geographic Entertainment released U2 3D, the first live-action movie to be totally shot in digital 3D using software and camera technology developed by 3ality Digital.

The World 3-D Exposition

In September 2003, Sabucat Productions organized the first World 3-D Exposition, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the original craze. The Expo was held at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre. During the two-week festival, over 30 of the 50 "golden era" stereoscopic features (as well as shorts) were screened, many coming from the collection of film historian and archivist Robert Furmanek, who had spent the previous 15 years painstakingly tracking down and preserving each film to its original glory. In attendance were many stars from each film, respectively, and some were moved to tears by the sold-out seating with audiences of film buffs from all over the world who came to remember their previous glories.

In May 2006, the second World 3-D Exposition was announced for September of that year, presented by the 3-D Film Preservation Fund. Along with the favorites of the previous exposition were newly discovered features and shorts, and like the previous Expo, guests from each film. Expo II was announced as being the local for the world premiere of several films never before seen in 3-D, including The Diamond Wizard and the Universal short, Hawaiian Nights with Mamie Van Doren and Pinky Lee. Other "re-premieres" of films not seen since their original release in stereoscopic form included Cease Fire!, Taza, Son of Cochise, Wings of the Hawk, and Those Redheads From Seattle. Also shown were the long-lost shorts Carmenesque and A Day in the Country (both 1953) and William Van Doren Kelley's two Plasticon shorts (1922 and 1923).

New developments (2006-2007)

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Through the entire history of 3D presentations, techniques to convert existing 2D images for 3D presentation have existed. Few have been effective or survived. The combination of digital and digitized source material with relatively cost effective digital post processing has spawned a new wave of conversion products. In June 2006, IMAX and Warner Brothers released Superman Returns including 20 minutes of 3-D images converted from the 2-D original digital footage. George Lucas has announced that he may re-release his Star Wars films in 3-D based on a conversion process from the company In-Three.

James Cameron (Titanic) intends to shoot his new films Avatar and Battle Angel in digital 3-D. Filming will use HDTV cameras and the Fusion Camera System.

Animated films Open Season, and The Ant Bully, were released in Analog 3D in 2006. Monster House and The Nightmare Before Christmas were released on XpanD 3D, RealD and Dolby 3D systems in 2006.

In late 2005 Steven Spielberg told the press he was involved in patenting a 3-D cinema system that does not need glasses, and which is based on plasma screens. A computer splits each film-frame, and then projects the two split images onto the screen at differing angles, to be picked up by tiny angled ridges on the screen. (Spielberg is co-producer of the film Monster House but the potential process was not used for the current release of Monster House.)

January 30, 2007 SPIE Stereoscopic Displays and Applications Conference - Jason Goodman a CEO of New York City based stereoscopic production company 21st Century 3D [1] announced two new additions to their lineup of three dimensional digital camera systems. Their standard system is currently the worlds smallest and lightest, HI-DEF, stereoscopic 3D camera system. The additions are 3DVX–H and 3D-SSR which is a solid state stereoscopic recorder that directly interfaces with the 3DVX3, 3DVX3.5 or 3DVX–H.

Up-to-date lists of all the 3D movies (past and future) can be found here[2] and here[3].

3D Displays

Based on The 3D-TV Knol

Few organizations are working to establish the ground for home 3D:

SMPTE’s 3-D Home Task Force:

will produce a report on the issues, challenges and suggested minimum standards for a 3D content format that would serve tethered TV and PC screens in the home. The report will lay the foundation for a subsequent standards effort.

The 3D@Home Consortium:

has been driven by a desire by many of the leading 3D organizations to ensure the best possible 3-dimensional viewing experience to the billions of consumers in today's home entertainment marketplace. Members of the consortium include companies participating in many different parts of the supply chain, including: 3D content developers, technology companies creating software to manipulated digital content, companies with hardware platforms upon which it is shown, standards bodies, and educational institutions.

The Blu-Ray Disc Association:

Is developing its position on stereoscopic 3-D under growing pressure from Hollywood studios who want to create a home video market for their rising number of stereo 3-D movies.

The Consumer Electronics Association:

Is trying to determine if it should try to set standards potentially covering, TVs, set-top box and disk players.

3D Display solutions:

Active glasses-based 3D display:

DLP TV

In early 2007, Texas Instruments enabled 3-D video processing in its DLP TV product offerings to its customers. TV producers such as Samsung and Mitsubishi have since then introduced the first DLP 3-D Ready TVs. Texas Instruments has introduced the first 3-D-capable television solutions to its OEMs for 2007 consumer electronics televisions. These solutions utilize the inherent speed advantage of the Digital Micro-mirror Device (DMD) to generate the left and right views required for stereoscopic imaging. Combining this with high quality shutter glasses, similar to these used by XpanD in theatrical exhibition, the user will be able to experience a high quality high definition 3-D image on their DLP television set. The foundation for DLP 3-D HDTV is found in the SmoothPicture™ algorithm. DLP 3-D Technology utilizes the SmoothPicture™ subframes to generate independent views for the left and right eyes. A signal is generated for each subframe and transmitted optically to the LCD shutter glasses that are worn by the viewer. The LCD shutter glasses will process the signal and will control the shutter for each eye to ensure that the correct left and right views are displayed to the correct eye. There are many advantages inherent in using this approach to generating stereoscopic images: 1) One technical hurdle in achieving cost effective stereoscopic displays is that stereoscopic displays require two times the imaging bandwidth of the standard 2-D displays. For a 1080p television set, this means that two 1080p input streams are required. Current solutions to this hurdle are to either cut the horizontal resolution by 50% or cut the vertical resolution by 50%. Using these solutions allows for the transmission of two images using the currently available bandwidth but sacrifices either the horizontal or vertical resolution of the image. The solution created by Texas Instruments maintains both the vertical and the horizontal resolution. This solution thus produces the highest quality and highest resolution displays available for stereoscopic viewing. 2) Most TV display systems contain an On Screen Display (OSD) menu system. The OSD menu provides the user a feedback mechanism in situations where the user adjusts various parameters such as screen brightness and audio volume. It is desirable for this menu system to work when the system is in 3-D mode. The easiest way to achieve this is to display the menu at 0 depth (so it appears 2-D). With some of the other formats, this requires placing the menu into two separate video streams adding complexity to the TV electronics design. With the offset sampling scheme used by Texas Instruments, OSD menus can be added to the stereo image using the same method as is used for a standard 2-D image. As such, significant system redesign cost can be avoided. 3) By utilizing the SmoothPicture™ architecture, Texas Instruments is able to supply a 3-D-capable display with little additional electronic cost. The main cost to this solution is a modest cost in the eyewear. As such, consumers can purchase a 3-D Ready television for the same price as the traditional 2-D television. They can then choose to purchase the eyewear with the television or upgrade at a later time. DLP 3-D Image Format the DLP 3-D Image format makes use of how the DLP SmoothPicture™ algorithm displays an image onto the screen. The left and right images are sampled using the native offset diagonal sampling format of the DMD. The two views are then overlaid and appear as a left and right checkerboard pattern in a conventional orthogonal sampled image. This format preserves the horizontal and vertical resolution of the left and right views providing the viewer with the highest quality image possible with the available bandwidth.

3D PDP

Matsushita Electric( Panasonic) prototyped the "3D Full-HD Plasma Theater System," which can provide three-dimensional viewing experience of HDTV video.The system is a combination of a 103-inch PDP TV, a Blu-ray Disc player and XpanD shutter glasses.The company set up a special studio to exhibit the prototype system at CEATEC JAPAN 2008. The company is reportedly planning to submit technical specifications for storing 3D images in Blu-ray Disc media to the Blu-ray Disc Association. The schedule for the commercialization has yet to be decided. The new system supplies 60 fields per second 1920 x 1080 interlace images for both right and left eyes. Panasonic stored the image data into a 50-Gbyte Blu-ray disc. The system employs the MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 image compression format.

Samsung Electronics launched its 3D Ready PDP TV 'PAVV Cannes 450' in Korea market, which features 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio and 3D content support. Samsung boasts that it can support 1,000,000:1 mega-contrast ratio. Users can enjoy 3D games or movies with the Cannes 450, when they first connect the TV to high performance PC supporting 3D software and then wear XpanD 3D shutter glasses.


Passive glasses-based 3D display

Hyundai

Hyundai's 46-inch liquid-crystal display 3-D TV requires 3-D glasses. Hyundai is providing the product only in Japan, hoping to boost its image by gaining a niche audience in Japan, where the TV market is dominated by Sony and Sharp.

iZ3D

iZ3D is based on polarized light to create images for left and right eye viewing. This is achieved on two precisely stacked TFT LCDs (Front + Back). Left eye and right eye images are addressed and controlled simultaneously. However, they are not assigned to separate panels, unlike the Pavonine LCD. the front TFT LCD controls the polarization angle of the transmitted light performing left and right eye image exclusion by dynamically changing the polarity of each pixel. The back TFT LCD displays the full color L+R video composite. This output mode is achieved by the iz3d software 3D Driver.

X-Pol LCD

The Xpol Stereoscopic 3D is an optical device based on regularly arranged micro-polarizers. By bonding it to a flat-panel display, such an LCD display, the use can view flicker-free 3D stereoscopic content simply by wearing polarizer glasses. Additionally, Xpol is completely compatible with both projection and direct view displays.This is a new generation of stereoscopic screen, looking like a normal monitor, but incorporating Xpol micro-polarisers. When viewed through circular polarising glasses, each eye sees odd and even lines allowing horizontally interlaced stereoscopic 3D images to be viewed.Circular polarized material alternately polarizes horizontal rows of pixels on the display. The 3D image is created by placing the left eye image into odd numbered rows and the right eye image in even numbered rows. The lenses in the 3D glasses are also polarized with material ensuring only the left eye sees the left image and vice versa. The circular polarizers maintain 3D image integrity while accommodating a wider range of head movement by the end-user.Xpol, stereoscopic 3D is capable with only 1 project, thus making it a much more affordable and transportable solution. Second, Xpol can be applied to LCD direct view displays. And given the proliferation of LCD displays today, this means that with Xpol, stereoscopic 3D is possible with any LCD desktop or notebook display.

Pavonine

Pavonine Inc. 3D LCD monitor using retardation plate and polarized glasses, and it can be used as 2D or 3D. the monitor stereoscopic system is a spatial imaging system that creates dimension by allowing the viewer to see separate images corresponding to the left eye and the right eye. This system uses the effect of binocular parallax, not the monocular cues of Light and shade, Perspective, Size, Brightness, Color, Contrast, Aerial perspective, and Motion parallax. Three-dimensional electro optic technology and imaging treatment technology of Pavonine Corp. allow users to experience realistic dimension as if they are actually in that space.Retardation plate is an electro optic panel that changes the polarized direction of light in a line unit. It simultaneously displays left eye images and right eye images by using the principle of passing odd line light as it is, but passing even line light after delaying its phase by 180 degrees. GL Series of Pavonine Corp., which uses retardation plate and polarized glasses, can be used as a 2D monitor. When wearing polarized glasses, it can be used as a 3D monitor. Auto-stereoscopic Display:

Philips 3D

A line of 3-D televisions by Philips uses the familiar trick of sending slightly different images to the left and right eyes -- mimicking our stereoscopic view of the real world. But where old-fashioned 3-D movies rely on the special glasses to block images meant for the other eye, Philips' WOWvx technology places tiny lenses over each of the millions of red, green and blue sub pixels that make up an LCD or plasma screen. The lenses cause each sub pixel to project light at one of nine angles fanning out in front of the display. A processor in the TV generates nine slightly different views corresponding to the different angles. From almost any location, a viewer catches a different image in each eye. Providing so many views is key to the dramatic results. Sharp Electronics makes an LCD display that projects just two views, requiring an audience to sit perfectly still in front of the screen. With the Philips technology, viewers can move around without losing much of the effect -- one set of left/right views slips into another, with just a slight double-vision effect in the transitions. The TV can also display standard two-dimensional images, close to HD quality. The uncanny 3-D illusion stops people in their tracks, as it's meant to.

NewSight

NewSight is the pioneer in MultiView 3D glasses-free displays. No other 3D display company has eliminated moiré, reduced transition zones and suppressed glare like NewSight has. In addition to our broad line of displays, we have created 3D software for content production and playback. We have also created custom displays sized from 2" to 180". NewSight combines breakthroughs from its media and technology operations creating a world of digital display solutions for 3D digital signage and visualization.

S3D Video Data Storage Options Left/Right: Left eye and right eye images (stereo images) Multiview: More than two images of a scene 2D+Depth: Single image with depth data 2D+Depth+Occlusion+Transparency Left/Right+Depth: Left/Right data along with depth data Left/Right+2Z:Left/Right + depth maps measured from two separate camera.

Stereo 3D Challenges: Convergence/vergence: The inward and outward rotation of the eyes, in the hori­zontal direction, producing fusion. Accommodation is the ability of the eyes’ lenses to change shape in order to focus and Accommodation/Vergence Relationship is the relationship between the focusing of the eyes and verging of the eyes when looking at a particular object point in the visual world. When accommodation and vergence match, the time required to fuse stereoscopic stimulus is reduced, distortions in perceived depth are reduced, and viewer fatigue and discomfort are reduced. 3D displays target the Percival’s Zone of Comfort, which is the approximate range of vergence and accommodation responses for which the viewer can fuse left and right eye images without discomfort.

Breaking the Frame: This effect occurs when objects in front of the screen plane (negative parallax) intersect the edge of frame which can lead to contradictory depth cues for the viewer. The problem may be reduced by applying a partially transparent mask on the left of the left image and on the right of the right image, reducing the strength of the cues on whichever side the object is breaking frame

Notes

  1. ^ a b Limbacher, James L. Four Aspects of the Film. 1968.
  2. ^ Norling, John A. "Basic Principles of 3-D Photography and Projection" New Screen Techniques, P. 48
  3. ^ Denig, Lynde. "Stereoscopic Pictures Screened" Moving Picture World, June 26, 1915, P. 2072.
  4. ^ "3-D Power" Article about the making of "The Power of Love" by Daniel L. Symmes
  5. ^ a b "3-D Lost and Found," by Daniel L. Symmes
  6. ^ "The Chopper," article by Daniel L. Symmes
  7. ^ SEZIONI99-REDISC-TECN
  8. ^ Instant History
  9. ^ Edwin Herbert Land

See also

External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-D_film"

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