Alphabetic list of living languages in Europe

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged into Languages of Europe. (Discuss)

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2006)

• Only living languages are listed - that is, languages that are currently spoken as a native tongue. The only exception to this rule is Latin, which is listed because it has official status in the Vatican.
• Only indigenous languages are listed. So Hindi in the United Kingdom or Turkish in Germany are not rendered in this list.
• The languages of the Roma (Gypsies) and Travellers are usually considered to be indigenous or at least listed as such, which is why they are rendered in this list.
• Sign languages are fully fledged forms of communication, with complex grammars and extensive lexicons, which is why sign languages are also included in this list.
• Note that the given numbers of speakers (or users in the case of sign languages) only concern the named countries; speakers who live outside of Europe or who are not indigenous in the countries where they live (e.g. Italian speakers in the United Kingdom) are not rendered.

• Concerning the borders of Europe:
  • The generally accepted borders of Europe are: the Denmark Strait, between Iceland and Greenland, in the Northwest; the Ural Mountains in the East; the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea in the Southeast; and the Mediterranean Sea and the Straits of Gibraltar in the South.
• This list diverts from those borders in the following cases:
  • Armenia and Cyprus geographically belong to Asia, but are often, for cultural reasons, considered a part of Europe. In this list they are treated as a part of Europe.
  • In the South-west this list includes Ceuta and Melilla (the Spanish exclaves in Morocco), as well as the Canary Islands, the Azores, and Madeira.

Contents 1 Alphabetic list of living, indigenous languages in Europe 1.1 A 1.2 B 1.3 C 1.4 D 1.5 E 1.6 F 1.7 G 1.8 H 1.9 I 1.10 J 1.11 K 1.12 L 1.13 M 1.14 N 1.15 O 1.16 P 1.17 Q 1.18 R 1.19 S 1.20 T 1.21 U 1.22 V 1.23 W 1.24 Y 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Alphabetic list of living, indigenous languages in Europe

A

• Abaza (Abaza) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 35,000 speakers
• Abkhaz (Absua) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Georgian in the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia - 100,000 speakers

• Aghul (Agul) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 17,500 speakers
• Akhvakh (Axvax) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,500 speakers

• Albanian (Shqip) - Indo-European, Illyrian
  • Albania: official language - 3,185,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 150,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 280,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: coofficial with Serbian - 1,485,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Macedonian in West Macedonia - 620,000 speakers
  • Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 63,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Albanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 users

• Andi (Qwannab) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers

• Anglo-Romani (Romanichal) - Indo-European, Germanic (?)
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 90,000 to 145,000 speakers

• Aragonese (Aragonés) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers

• Archi (Arči) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers

• Armenian (Hayeren) - Indo-European, Armenian
  • Armenia: official language - 3,235,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised (in the de facto independent republic of Nagorno Karabakh Armenian is the official language) - 120,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers
  • Cyprus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised - 448,000 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, extinct in Poland since the 18th Century (Current minority of 8,000 Armenians in Poland, speak Polish)
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 532,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers

• Armenian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 users

• Aromanian (Armâneashti) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Albania: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 350,000)
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 18,000)
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 200,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 700,000)
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised - 8,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 50,000)
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 150,000)
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 54,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 40,000)

• Asturian (Asturianu) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, recognised - 690,000 speakers

• Austrian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Austria: non-territorial minority language, recognised since 2005 - 7,500 users

• Avar (Avar Mac’) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 44,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 556,000 speakers

• Azerbaijani (Azərbaycan) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Azerbaijan: official language - 8,400,000 speakers
  • Iran: non official language - 30,000,000 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised - 284,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 670,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - ~800,000 speakers
  • Kazakhstan: minority language, not recognised - ~80,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - ~55,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - ~46,000 speakers
  • Iraq: third language - ~1200,000 speakers

B

• Bagvalal (Kvanada) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Balkan Romani^[1] - Indo-European, Indo-Aryan
  • Albania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 187,900 speakers
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,500 speakers
  • Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,500 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 150,000 speakers
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 74,000 speakers
  • Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 12,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers
  • Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 120,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Balkar (Balkarlar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Kabardian in the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria - 85,000 speakers

• Baltic Romani (Romá) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,500 speakers
  • Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
  • Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers

• Barranquenho - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal - minority language, not recognised

• Bashkir (Başqort) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Bashkortostan - 972,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,375,000)

• Basque (Euskara) - isolate
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 90,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous community of the Basque Country, and in 61 municipalities in the autonomous community of Navarre - 580,000 speakers

• Bats (Batsba Motjiti) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 3,400 speakers

• Belgian-French Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users

• Belarusian (Belaruskaja) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Belarus: coofficial with Russian - 7,878,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 105,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 63,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, recognised - 230,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 1,210,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 440,000 speakers

• Bezhta (Bežƛʼa) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Bohtan Neo-Aramaic (Bohtan) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 100 speakers

• Bosnian (Bosanski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Albania: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: official language - 1,810,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: minority language, not recognised - 102,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 134,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 26,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 70,000 speakers

• Botlikh (Botlix) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Breton (Brezhoneg) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 515,000 speakers

• British Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 users

• Budukh (Budux) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers

• Bulgarian (Bălgarski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Bulgaria: official language - 7,671,000 speakers
  • Greece: minority language (Pomak), not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 8,000)
  • Moldova: minority language, recognised - 262,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 16,000 speakers
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 270,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 234,000 speakers

• Bulgarian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,500 users

C

• Cappadocian (Kapadokiká) - Indo-European, Greek
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but surely in the hundreds (long thought to be extinct)

• Carpathian Romani^[2] (Bashaldo, Romungro, Hungarian-Slovak Romani) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 220,000 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 220,000 speakers

• Catalan (Català) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Andorra: official language - 31,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 102,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 17,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous communities of Catalonia, Valencia, and the Balearic Islands - 6,079,000 speakers

• Catalonian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Andorra: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised- 18,000 users

• Chamalal (Čamalal) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Champenois - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -
  • Wallonia: minority language, recognised -

• Chechen (Noxçiyn Mott) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Chechnya - 957,000 speakers

• Chuvash (Čövaš Čəlχi) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Chuvashia - 1,640,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,804,000)

• Circassian (Adəgăbză) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; the Circassian dialect Adyghe is coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Adygea; the Circassian dialect Cherkess is coofficial with Russian and Karachay in the autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia - 174,000 speakers

• Cornish (Kernewek) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • United Kingdom: minority language, recognised - about 3,500 speakers

• Corsican (Corsu) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 295,000)
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers

• Crimean Tatar (Qırımtatar tili, Qırım tili) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Belarus: minority language, extinct in Belarus since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 5,000 Tatars in Belarus, but they speak Belarusian now)
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, extinct in Lithuania since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 4,000 Tatars in Lithuania, but they speak Lithuanian now)
  • Poland: minority language, extinct in Poland since the end of the 18th Century (there still is a minority of 5,000 Tatars in Poland, but they speak Polish now)
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 28,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 250,000 speakers (including Asia Minor)
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Ukrainian in the autonomous republic of the Crimea - 272,000 speakers

• Croatian (Hrvatski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 45,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: minority language, recognised; official language in the Croatian cantons of the Muslim-Croat Federation - 700,000 speakers
  • Croatia: official language - 3,750,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
  • Montenegro: minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 54,000 speakers

• Croatian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Croatia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 users

• Cypriot Maronite Arabic (Sanna) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Cyprus: minority language, recognised - 1,300 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000, the so-called Cypriot Maronites)

• Czech (Česky) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: official language - 9,450,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers

• Czecho-Slovakian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,500 users
  • Slovakia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users

D

• Dalecarlian (Dalska, Dalmaal, Elfdalian) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Sweden: minority language, recognized - 1,500 speakers

• Danish (Dansk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Denmark: official language - 5,020,000 speakers
  • Faroe Islands: coofficial with Faroese (though with a lower status) - 1,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 45,000)

• Danish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Denmark: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,500 users

• Dargwa (Dargva) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 370,000 speakers

• Dgèrnésiais - Indo-European, Romance
  • Guernsey: minority language, recognised - 6,000 speakers

• Domari (Domari) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers

• Dutch (Nederlands) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Belgium: Official language in Flanders and Brussels, other official languages of Belgium are French and German, but these are not official in Flanders - 5,570,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 75,000)
  • Netherlands: official language - 16,300,000 speakers

• Dutch Sign Language - deaf sign language (also known as Sign Language of the Netherlands)
  • Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 15,000 users

E

• English (English) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Gibraltar: official language - 29,000 speakers
  • Guernsey: co-official with French (though with a higher status) - 45,000 speakers
  • Isle of Man: co-official with Manx (though with a higher status) - 75,000 speakers
  • Jersey: official language (with French), recognised - 89,000 speakers
  • Malta: co-official with Maltese - 402,000 speakers
  • Ireland: secondary language - 3,451,000 speakers
  • United Kingdom: official language - 51,685,000 speakers^[3]

• Eonavian - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised

• Erzya (Eržaň Keľ) - Uralic, Mordvinic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Moksha in the autonomous republic of Mordovia - 413,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 570,000)

• Esperanto (Esperanto) - artificial language (now spoken as a mother tongue)
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 200 to 2,000 speakers

• Estonian (Eesti keel) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Estonia: official language - 1,036,000 speakers
  • Finland: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers

• Estonian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,500 users

F

• Fala (Fala) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised - 10,500 speakers

• Faroese (Føroyskt) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Faroe Islands: coofficial with Danish (though with a higher status) - 44,000 speakers

• Finnish (Suomi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Finland: coofficial with Swedish - 4,649,000 speakers
  • Norway: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - no speakers (there are speakers of Ingrian, which is considered a Finnish dialect by the Russian government)
  • Sweden: minority language, recognised - over 200,000 speakers

• Finnish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 users

• Flemish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Belgium: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Franco-Provençal (Franco-Provençal) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 90,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised - 91,000 speakers
  • Switzerland: minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers

• French (Français) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Andorra: minority language - 2,400 speakers
  • Belgium: coofficial with Dutch and German - 4,000,000 speakers
  • France: official language - 48,950,000 speakers
  • Guernsey: coofficial with English (though with a lower status) - about 6,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Italian in the autonomous Aosta Valley region - 44,000 speakers
  • Jersey: official language Jersey Legal French - 15,000 speakers
  • Luxembourg: coofficial with German and Luxembourgish - 13,000 speakers
  • Monaco: official language - 20,000 speakers
  • Switzerland: coofficial with German, Italian, and Romansh - 1,295,000 speakers

• French Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 to 100,000 users
  • Monaco: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
• Friulian (Furlan) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: minority language, some recognition - 547,000 speakers

G

• Gagauz (Gagauz) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Moldova: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Moldovan in the autonomous republic of Gagauzia - 169,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 to 8,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 156,000 speakers

• Galician (Galego) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish in the autonomous community of Galicia - 2,095,000 speakers

• Gallo - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Georgian (Kartuli) - South Caucasian
  • Armenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,300 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, recognised - 14,000 speakers
  • Georgia: official language - 3,000,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 130,000 speakers

• German (Deutsch) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Austria: official language - 7,550,000 speakers
  • Belgium: coofficial with French and Dutch - 86,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 200 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Denmark: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 20,000)
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • France: minority language, some recognition - 1,300,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,880,000)
  • Germany: official language - 74,931,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 250,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised; co-official with Italian and Ladin in the autonomous region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol - 322,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Liechtenstein: official language - 30,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Luxembourg: coofficial with French and Luxembourgish - 9,000 speakers
  • Moldova: minority language, not recognised - 3,800 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, some recognition - 500,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 28,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 543,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 954,000, including Siberia)
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • Switzerland: coofficial with French, Italian, and Romansh - 4,441,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 38,500 speakers

• German Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Germany: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 users

• Ghodoberi (Ğodoberi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Greek (Élliniká ) - Indo-European, Greek
  • Albania: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 175,000)
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 speakers
  • Cyprus: coofficial with Turkish - 762,000 speakers ( see )
  • France: minority language, extinct on Corsica since 1982 (there still is a minority of 1,000 Greeks on Corsica, but they speak French and Corsican now)
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 372,000 speakers
  • Greece: official language - 10,552,000 speakers ( see )
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 22,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 30,000)
  • Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000)

• Greek Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 43,000 users

• Gruzinic (Kivruli) - South Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers

• Gutnish (Gutnisko) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Sweden: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

H

• Hinukh (Hinux) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 200 speakers

• Hungarian (Magyar) - Uralic, Ugric
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 70,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Hungary: official language - 10,100,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 1,500,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Serbian in the province of Vojvodina - 286,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 600,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, recognised, official language in areas with Hungarian majority - 9,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 187,000 speakers

• Hungarian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 users

• Hunzib (Gunzib) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

I

• Iberian Romani (Caló) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 to 20,000 speakers
  • Portugal: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 65,000 to 170,000 speakers

• Icelandic (Íslenska) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Iceland: official language - 265,000 speakers

• Icelandic Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Iceland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 300 users

• Ingrian (Inkerin Kieli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Estonia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 27,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 47,000)

• Ingush (Ğalğaj) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Ingushetia - 238,000 speakers

• Irish (Gaeilge) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • Ireland: first official language of the state - 1,650,000 speakers
  • United Kingdom: recognised, co-official language in Northern Ireland along with English - 165,000 speakers

• Irish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Ireland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 3,300 users
  • United Kingdom: used in Northern Ireland by a large minority of the deaf community. (NB Northern Irish Sign Language and British sign language also used.)

• Istriot (Istriot) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers

• Istro-Romanian (Vlăşeşte) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 500 to 1,000 speakers

• Italian (Italiano) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 95,000 speakers
  • Italy: official language - 55,133,000 speakers
  • San Marino: official language - 24,500 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Switzerland: coofficial with German, French, and Romansh - 525,000 speakers
  • Vatican City: coofficial with Latin (though with a higher status) - 500 speakers

• Italian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 55,000 users
  • San Marino: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small

• Italkian (Italkian) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, hast útstoarn, not recognised - minder as 100 speakers

• Izhorian (Ižoran Keeli) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 302 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 820; data from 1989)

J

• Jakati (Jakati) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 60,000 speakers

• Jèrriais - Indo-European, Romance
  • Jersey: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Juhuri (Juhuri) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 24,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 7,000 speakers

K

• Kabardian (K’èbèrdeibzè) - North Caucasian, Northwest Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Balkar in the autonomous republic of Kabardino-Balkaria - 385,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 397,000)

• Kalmyk (Qalmaq) - Altaic, Mongolian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Kalmykia - 162,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 174,000)

• Kalo Finnish Romani (Fíntikka Rómma) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Finland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Sweden: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Karachay (Qaraçay) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Cherkess dialect of Circassian in the autonomous republic of Karachay-Cherkessia - 159,000 speakers

• Karaim (Qaray) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 535 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 3,400; data from 1979)
  • Poland: minority language, extinct in Poland (there still is a minority of 200 Karaites in Poland, but they speak Polish now)
  • Russia: minority language, extinct in Russia (there still is a minority of 500 Karaites in Russia, but they speak Russian now)
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 8 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000; data from 1979)

• Karata (Kirdi) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Karelian (Karjalan Kielii) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Finland: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Karelia - 35,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 57,000)

• Kashubian (Kaszëbski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - 3,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 200,000)

• Khalaj (Khalaj) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Khinalug (Xinalug) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers

• Khwarshi (Xwarš) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers

• Komi (Komi Kyv) - Uralic, Permic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Komi - 262,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 342,000)
• Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permjacköj) - Uralic, Permic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in Komi-Permyak Okrug - 116,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 151,000)
• Krymchak (Qırımçaklar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 250 speakers

• Kryts (Kryz) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers (data from 1975)

• Kumyk (Kumuklar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 282,000 speakers

• Kurdish (Kurmanji) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Armenia: minority language, recognised - 58,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers

L

• Ladin (Ladin) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers

• Ladino (Sefardí) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Albania: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Albania, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Bosnia and Herzegovina, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Kosovo, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Macedonia: non-territorial minority language, possibly extinct in Macedonia, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Serbia: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Serbia, not recognised - probably no speakers remaining
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, probably extinct in Spain, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, but very small
  • Turkey: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 speakers

• Lak (Lakku Maz) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 120,000 speakers

• Latin (Lingua Latina) - Indo-European, Italic
  • Vatican City: coofficial with Italian (though with a lower status) - no native speakers

• Latvian (Latviešu) - Indo-European, Baltic
  • Belarus: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Latvia: official language - 1,400,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 29,000 speakers

• Latvian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,500 users

• Laz (Lazuri, Chanuri) - Caucasian, South Caucasian, Zan
  • Turkey: minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Leonese (Llïonés)- Indoeuropean, Romance
  • Spain: minority language, recognised - 53,000 speakers
  • Portugal: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers

• Lezgian (Lezgi Č’al) - Northeast Caucasian
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 171,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 257,000 speakers

• Limburgish (Limburgs) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Belgium: minority language, not recognised - 585,000 speakers
  • Netherlands: minority language, recognised - 830,000 speakers

• Lithuanian (Lietuviškai) - Indo-European, Baltic
  • Belarus: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 35,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: official language - 2,965,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 70,000 speakers

• Lithuanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,500 users

• Livonian (Līvõ Kēļ) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 35 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 2,000; data from 1990)

• Livvi (Livvi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Finland: minority language, not recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 70,000)

• Lomavren (Boša) - Indo-European, Armenian
  • Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Lorrain language - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -
  • Wallonia: minority language, recognised (as Gaumais) -

• Low Saxon (Low German, Nedersassies, Plattdüütsch) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Denmark: minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - 10,000,000 speakers
  • Netherlands: minority language, recognised - 1,566,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown, at most a few thousands

• Ludic (Lyydi) - Uralic, Balto-Finnic
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 18,000)

• Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Belgium: minority language, some recognition - 24,000 speakers
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Luxembourg: coofficial with French and German - 309,000 speakers

• Lyons Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users

M

• Macedonian (Makedonski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Albania: minority language, recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 230,000 speakers
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 35,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: official language - 1,194,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, not recognised - 14,000 speakers

• Maghrebi Arabic (Maghribi) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised - 26,000 speakers

• Maltese (Malti) - Afro-Asiatic, Semitic
  • Malta: coofficial with English - 402,000 speakers

• Maltese Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Malta: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 350 users

• Manx (Gaelg) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • Man: coofficial with English (though with a lower status) - 27 speakers (data from 2001)

• Mari (Marij Jəlme) - Uralic, Cheremissic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of Mari El - 594,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 661,000)

• Megleno-Romanian (Vlaheshte) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Greece: minority language, not recognised - 12,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 15,000)
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 1,200 speakers

• Megrelian (Margaluri) - South Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 500,000 speakers

• Mirandese (Mirandes) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Portuguese in the municipality of Miranda do Douro - 15,000 speakers

• Moksha (Mokšaň Käľ) - Uralic, Mordvinic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Erzya in the autonomous republic of Mordovia - 372,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 513,000 )

• Moldovan (Moldovenească) - Indo-European, Romance (literary form shared with Romanian)
  • Moldova: official language - 2,520,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 250,000 speakers

• Monastic Sign Language - auxiliary sign language
  • Vatican City: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown

• Monégasque (Munegasc) - Indo-European, Romance (actually a dialect of Italian)
  • Monaco: semi-official language - 5,700 speakers

• Montenegrin (Crnogorski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Montenegro: official language

N

• Nenets (Njenjocja Vada) - Uralic, Samoyedic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets, and Taymyr Autonomous Okrugs - 26,300 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 35,000, including Siberia)
• Nogai (Nogaylar) - Altaic, Turkic
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 68,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 76,000)

• Norman - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Northern Ireland Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,400 users

• North Frisian (Friisk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 62,000)

• Norwegian (Norsk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Norway: official language - 4,100,000 speakers
  • Sweden: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers

• Norwegian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Norway: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 4,000 users

O

• Occitan (Occitan) - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised - 1,500,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,750,000)
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 100,000)
  • Monaco: minority language, not recognised - 4,500 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 6,000)
  • Spain: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Spanish and Catalan in the autonomous community of Catalonia - 3,400 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 5,500)

• Ossetic (Iron Avžag) - Indo-European, Iranian
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian and Georgian in the de facto independent republic of South Ossetia - 164,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Russian in the autonomous republic of North Ossetia - 407,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 472,000)

P

• Palityan (Palitjanski) - Indo-European, Slavic (possibly a dialect of Bulgarian)
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 25,000)

• Picard - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Poitevin - Indo-European, Romance
  • France: minority language, not recognised -

• Polari (Polari) - unclassified (probably only spoken as a second language)
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of speakers unknown

• Polish (Polski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Belarus: minority language, recognised - 413,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers
  • Ireland: minority language, pending recognition - 4,000-100,000 speakers (est)
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 255,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 57,000 speakers
  • Poland: official language - 35,370,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 94,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 1,200,000 speakers

• Polish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers

• Pontic (Pontiaká) - Indo-European, Greek
  • Armenia: minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, not recognised - 300 speakers
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 325,000 speakers
  • Russia: minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers

• Portuguese (Português) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Portugal: official language - 9,563,000 speakers
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised - 3,600 speakers

• Portuguese Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Portugal: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 8,000 users

Q

• Quinqui (Quinqui) - unclassified
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 40,000 speakers

R

• Rifi (Tr̂ifect) - Afro-Asiatic, Berber
  • Spain: minority language, not recognised - 23,000 speakers

• Romanian (Română) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 100,000 speakers
  • Moldova: official language - 2,500,000 speakers (see also Moldovan language)
  • Romania: official language - 19,988,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 34,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 400,000 speakers

• Romanian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Romania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 22,000 users

• Romano-Greek (Romani) - Indo-European, Greek (?)
  • Greece: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Romano-Serbian (Romani) - Indo-European, Slavic (?)
  • Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 4,000 speakers

• Romansh (Rumantsch) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Switzerland: coofficial with German, French, and Italian - 35,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 72,000)

• Russian (Russki) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Armenia: minority language, recognised - 14,660 speakers
  • Azerbaijan: minority language, recognised - 141,000 speakers
  • Belarus: coofficial with Belarusian - 1,129,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 18,000 speakers
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 413,000 speakers
  • Finland: minority language, recognised - 3,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 5,000, the so-called 'Old Russians' - not counting the 'New Russians', or new immigrants)
  • Georgia: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Georgian and Abkhaz in the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia; coofficial with Georgian and Ossetic in the de facto independent republic of South Ossetia - 372,000 speakers
  • Latvia: minority language, recognised - 862,000 speakers
  • Lithuania: minority language, recognised - 344,000 speakers
  • Moldova: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Moldovan and Ukrainian in the de facto independent republic of Transnistria - 572,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Russia: official language - 117,270,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar in the autonomous republic of fan the Crimea - 11,335,000 speakers

• Russian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Armenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but very small
  • Azerbaijan: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 users
  • Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 9,400 users
  • Bulgaria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - number of users unknown, but small
  • Estonia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 450 users
  • Georgia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 users
  • Latvia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 users
  • Lithuania: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 350 users
  • Moldova: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,800 users
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 140,000 users
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 users

• Ruthenian (Rusyn) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, not recognised - 65,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: minority language, recognised - 128,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 720,000 speakers

• Rutul (Rutul) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 20,000 speakers

S

• Sami (Sámegiella) - Uralic, Samic
  • Finland: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Finnish in 3 municipalities (though with a lower status) - 2,550 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 4,700)
  • Norway: minority language, recognised; coofficial with Norwegian in 6 municipalities - 16,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 43,000)
  • Sweden: minority language, recognised - 5,900 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 15,000)
  • Russia: minority language, recognised - 693 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 1,900; data from 1995)

• Sardinian (Sardu) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 1,300,000 speakers

• Sater Frisian (Seeltersk) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 2,250 speakers

• Scots (Scots) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Ireland: minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • United Kingdom: minority language in both Northern Ireland and Scotland, recognised - 1,530,000 speakers

• Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig) - Indo-European, Celtic
  • United Kingdom: minority language, recognised; coofficial with English in the autonomous Western Isles - 59,000 speakers

• Serbian (Srpski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Albania: minority language, not recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Bosnia and Herzegovina: official language, recognised - 1,440,000 speakers
  • Bulgaria: minority language, not recognised - 9,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 410,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 10,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: coofficial with Albanian - 169,000 speakers
  • Montenegro: official language - 395,000 speakers
  • Republic of Macedonia: minority language, recognised - 44,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 65,000 speakers
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Germany: minority language, not recognised - 750,000
  • Switzerland: minority language, not recognised - 200,000
  • Austria: minority language, not recognised - 340,000
  • Serbia: official language - 6,655,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: minority language, not recognised - 50,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers

• Sercquiais - Indo-European, Romance
  • Sark: minority language, recognised - 15 speakers

• Shelta (Sheldru) - Indo-European, Celtic (?)
  • Ireland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 6,000 speakers
  • United Kingdom: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers

• Sicilian (Sicilianu) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Italy: minority language, not recognised - 5,000,000 speakers

• Silesian (Ślůnski) - Indo-European,
  • Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,200,000 speakers
  • Germany: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 600,000 speakers

• Sinte (Sinti) - Indo-European, Indo-Arian
  • Austria: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers
  • Belarus: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Croatia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 1,500 speakers
  • France: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 30,000 speakers
  • Germany: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 30,500 speakers
  • Hungary: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 3,000 speakers
  • Italy: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 14,000 speakers
  • Kosovo: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 11,000 speakers
  • Netherlands: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 1,000 speakers
  • Poland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Russia: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Serbia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 2,500 speakers
  • Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 21,000 speakers

• Slovak (Slovenčina, Slovenský) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 2,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, recognised - 4,000 speakers
  • Czech Republic: minority language, recognised - 300,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers
  • Poland: minority language, recognised - 38,000 speakers
  • Romania: minority language, recognised - 34,000 speakers
  • Serbia: minority language, recognised - 57,000 speakers
  • Slovakia: official language - 3,990,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, recognised - 12,000 speakers

• Slovenian (Slovenščina) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Austria: minority language, recognised - 48,000 speakers
  • Croatia: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers
  • Hungary: minority language, recognised - 5,000 speakers
  • Italy: minority language, recognised - 100,000 speakers
  • Slovenia: official language - 1,834,000 speakers

• Sorbian (Serbski) - Indo-European, Slavic
  • Germany: minority language, recognised - 69,000 speakers (out of an ethnic population of 205,000)

• Spanish (Español) - Indo-European, Romance
  • Andorra: minority language, recognised - 25,000 speakers
  • Gibraltar: vernacular language, not recognised - 29,000 speakers
  • Spain: official language - 45,145,000 speakers

• Spanish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Spain: non-territorial minority language, not recognised - 20,000 users

• Svan (Lushnu) - South Caucasian
  • Georgia: minority language, not recognised - 15,000 speakers

• Swedish (Svenska) - Indo-European, Germanic
  • Estonia: minority language, recognised - 800 speakers
  • Finland: coofficial with Finnish - 295,000 speakers
  • Sweden: official language - 7,658,000 speakers
  • Ukraine: minority language, not recognised - 500 speakers

• Swedish Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Sweden: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 8,000 users

• Swiss-French Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 1,000 users

• Swiss-German Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 6,000 users

• Swiss-Italian Sign Language - deaf sign language
  • Switzerland: non-territorial minority language, recognised - 200 users

T

• Tabasaran (Tabasaran Ĉ̣al) - North Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian
  • Russia: minority lang