| American and British English differences |
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British English (BrE)
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Differences in pronunciation between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) can be divided into:
In the following discussion
Contents |
For many loanwords from French where AmE has final-syllable stress, BrE stresses an earlier syllable. Such words include:
A few French words have other stress differences:
Most 2-syllable verbs ending -ate have first-syllable stress in AmE and second-syllable stress in BrE. This includes castrate, dictateA2, donateA2, locateA2, mandateB2, migrate, placate, prostrate, pulsate, rotate, serrateB2, spectate, striated, translateA2, vacate, vibrate; in the case of cremate, narrate, placate, the first vowel is in addition reduced to /ə/ in BrE. Examples where AmE and BrE match include create, debate, equate, elate, negate, orate, relate with second-syllable stress; and mandate and probate with first-syllable stress. Derived nouns in -ator may retain the distinction, but those in -ation do not. Also, migratoryA2 and vibratory retain the distinction.
Most longer -ate verbs are pronounced the same in AmE and BrE, but a few have first-syllable stress in BrE and second-syllable stress in AmE: elongate, infiltrateA2, remonstrate, tergiversate. Hoewever, some derived adjectives ending -atory have a difference, as stress shifting to -at- can occur in BrE. Among these cases are regulatoryB2, celebratoryA2, participatoryB2, where AmE stresses the same syllable as the corresponding -ate verb; and compensatory, where AmE stresses the second syllable.
A further -atory difference is laboratory: AmE /'læbrɪˌtɔri/ and BrE /lə'bɒrət(ə)riː/.
There are a number of cases where same-spelled noun, verb and/or adjective have uniform stress in one dialect but distinct stress in the other (e.g. alternate, prospect): see initial-stress-derived noun.
The following table lists words where the only difference between AmE and BrE is in stress (possibly with a consequent reduction of the unstressed vowel). Words with other points of difference are listed in a later table.
| BrE | AmE | words with relevant syllable stressed in each dialect |
|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | caffeine, cannotA2, casein, Kathleen, SuezA2, communal, escalopeB2, omega, paprikaB2, patina, subaltern, stalactite, stalagmite, ThanksgivingB2, transference, aristocratA2,B2, kilometreB2 |
| 2nd | 1st | defense (sport), guffawA2, ice creamA2,B2, guru, mama, papa, pretense, princessA2,B2, weekendB2, Canton, anginaA2, Augustine, Bushido, Ghanaian, LofotenB2, marshmallow, patronal, spread-eagle, controversy, formidableB2, hospitableB2, miscellany, predicative, saxophonistB2, submariner, ancillary, capillary, catenary, corollary, fritillary, medullary |
| 1st | 3rd | ParmesanB2, partisan, premature, opportune, carburet(t)or |
| 3rd | 1st | margarine, PyreneesB2, cockatoo |
| 2nd | 3rd | advertisement |
| 3rd | 2nd | arytenoidA2, oregano, obscurantist |
Where the syllable preceding -ary,-ery or -ory is stressed, AmE and BrE alike pronounce all these endings /əri(ː)/. Where the preceding syllable is unstressed, however, AmE has a full vowel rather than schwa: /ɛri/ for -ary and -ery and /ɔri/ for -ory. BrE retains the reduced vowel /əriː/, or even elides it completely to /riː/. (The elision is avoided in carefully enunciated speech, especially with endings -rary,-rery,-rory.) So military is AmE /'mɪlɪtɛriː/ and BrE /'mɪlɪtəriː/ or /'mɪlɪtriː/.
Note that stress differences occur with ending -atory (explained above) and a few others like capillary (included above). A few words have the full vowel in AmE in the ending even though the preceding syllable is stressed: library, primaryA2, rosemary. Pronouncing library as /'laɪbɛri/ rather than /'laɪbrɛri/ is highly stigmatized in AmE, whereas in BrE, /'laɪbriː/ is common in rapid or casual speech.
Formerly the BrE-AmE distinction for adjectives carried over to corresponding adverbs ending -arily, -erily or -orily. However, nowadays most BrE speakers adopt the AmE practice of shifting the stress to the antepenultimate syllable: militarily is thus /ˌmɪlɪ'tɛrɪliː/ rather than /'mɪlɪtrɪliː/.
The placename component -bury (e.g. Canterbury) has a similar difference after a stressed syllable: AmE /bɛri/ and BrE /brɪː/ or /bərɪː/. The ending -mony after a stressed syllable is AmE /moʊni/ but BrE /mənɪː/. The word -berry in compounds has a slightly different distinction: in BrE, it is reduced (/bəriː/ or /briː/) after a stressed syllable, and may be full /bɛriː/ after an unstressed syllable; in AmE it is usually full in all cases. Thus, strawberry is BrE /'strɔːbəriː/ but AmE /'strɔbɛri/, while whortleberry is BrE /'wɔːtlbɛriː/ and similarly AmE /'wɔrtlbɛri/.
Words ending in unstressed -ile derived from Latin adjectives ending -ilis are mostly pronounced with a full vowel (/aɪl/) in BrE but a reduced vowel /ɪl/ or syllabic /l/ in AmE (e.g. fertile rhymes with fur tile in BrE but with turtle in AmE). This difference applies:
Related endings -ility, -ilize, -iliary are pronounced the same in AmE as BrE. The name Savile is pronounced with (/ɪl/) in both BrE and AmE. Mobile (sculpture), camomile and febrile are sometimes pronounced with /il/ in AmE and /aɪl/) in BrE. Imbecile has /aɪl/ or /iːl/ in BrE and often /ɪl/ in AmE.
The suffix -ine, when unstressed, is pronounced sometimes /aɪn/ (e.g. feline), sometimes /i(ː)n/ (e.g. morphine) and sometimes /ɪn/ (e.g. medicine). Some words have variable pronunciation within BrE, or within AmE, or between BrE and AmE. Generally, AmE is more likely to favour /in/ or /ɪn/, and BrE to favour /aɪn/: e.g. adamantineA2, carbine, crystallineA2, labyrinthine, philistine, serpentineA2, turbineA2. However, sometimes AmE has /aɪn/ where BrE has /iːn/; e.g. iodineB2, strychnineA2.
Some function words have a weak form in AmE, with a reduced vowel used when the word is unstressed, but always use the full vowel in RP. These include: or [ɚ]; you [jə]; your [jɚ].
On the other hand, the titles Saint and Sir before a person's name have "weak forms" in BrE but not AmE: before vowels, [snt] and [sər]; before consonants, [sn] and [sə].
These tables list words pronounced differently but spelled the same. See also the table of words with different pronunciation reflected in the spelling.
Words with multiple points of difference of pronunciation are in the table after this one. Accent-based differences are ignored. For example, Moscow is RP /'mɒskəʊ/ and GAm /'mɑskaʊ/, but only the /əʊ/-/aʊ/ difference is highlighted here, since the /ɒ/-/ɑ/ difference is predictable from the accent. Also, tiara is listed with AmE /æ/; the marry-merry-Mary merger changes this vowel for many Americans. Some AmE types are listed as /ɒ/ where GAm merges to /ɑ/ .
| BrE | AmE | Words |
|---|---|---|
| /æ/ | /ɑ/ | annato, BangladeshA2, Caracas, chiantiA2, Galapagos, GdańskA2, grappaA2, gulagA2, HanoiA2, JanA2 (male name, e.g. Jan Palach), KantA2, kebab, Las (placenames, e.g. Las Vegas), Mafia, mishmashA2, MombasaA2, Natasha, Nissan, Pablo, pasta, PicassoA2, ralentando, SanA2 (names outside USA; e.g. San Juan), SlovakA2, Sri LankaA2, Vivaldi, wigwamA2, YasserA2 (and A in many other foreign names and loanwords) |
| /iː/ | /ɛ/ | aesthete, anaesthetize, breveA2, catenaryA2, Daedalus, devolutionA2,B2, ecumenicalB2, epochA2, evolutionA2,B2, febrileA2, Hephaestus, KenyaB2, leverA2, methane, OedipusA2, (o)estrus, penalizeA2, predecessorA2, pyrethrinA2, senileA2, hygienic |
| /ɒ/ | /oʊ/ | Aeroflot, compost, homosexualB2, Interpol, Lod, pogrom, polkaB2, produce (noun), Rosh Hashanah, sconeA2,B2, shone, sojourn, trollB2, yoghurt |
| /ɑː/ | /æ/ | (Excluding trap-bath split words) banana, javaA2, khakiA2, morale, NevadaA2, scenarioA2, sopranoA2, tiaraA2, Pakistani |
| /ɛ/ | /i/ | CecilA2,B2, crematoriumA2, cretin, depot, inherentA2,B2, leisureA2, medievalA2, reconnoitreA2, zebraB2, zenithA2,B2 |
| /æ/ | /eɪ/ | compatriot, patriotB2, patronise, phalanx, plait, repatriate, Sabine, satrapA2, satyrA2, basilA2 (plant) |
| /ɪ/ | /aɪ/ | dynasty, housewifery, idyll, livelongA2, long-livedA2, privacyB2, simultaneous, vitamin. Also the suffix -ization. See also -ine. |
| /z/ | /s/ | AussieA2, blouse, complaisantA2, crescent, erase, GlasgowA2, parse, valise, trans-A2,B2 (in some words) |
| /ɑː/ | /eɪ/ | amenA2, charadeB2, cicada, galaA2, promenadeA2, pro rata, tomato, stratum |
| /əʊ/ | /ɒ/ | codify, goffer, ogleA2, phonetician, processor, progress (noun), slothA2,B2, wont A2, wroth |
| /ʌ/ | /ɒ/ | accomplice, accomplish, colanderB2, constableB2, Lombardy, monetaryA2, -mongerA2 |
| /ɒ/ | /ʌ/ | hovelA2,B2, hover. Also the strong forms of these function words: anybodyA2 (likewise every-, some-, and no-), becauseA2,B2 (and clipping 'cos/'cause), ofA2, fromA2, wasA2, whatA2 |
| (sounded) | (silent) | chthonic, herbA2 (plant), KnossosB2, phthisicB2, salve, solder |
| /ɑː/ | /ɚ/ | Berkeley, Berkshire, clerk, Derby, Hertford. (The only AmE word with <er> = [ɑr] is sergeant). |
| /aɪ/ | /i/ | eitherA2,B2, neitherA2,B2, Pleiades. See also -ine. |
| /iː/ | /aɪ/ | albino, migraineB2. Also the prefixes anti-A2, multi-A2, semi-A2 in loose compounds (e.g. in anti-establishment, but not in antibody). See also -ine. |
| /ə/ | /ɒ/ | hexagon, octagon, paragon, pentagon, phenomenon. |
| /iː/ | /eɪ/ | eta, beta, quayA2, theta, zeta |
| /aɪ/ | /ɪ/ | butylB2, diverge, minorityA2,B2, primer (schoolbook). See also -ine. |
| /ɛ/ | /eɪ/ | ateB2 ("et" is nonstandard in America), mêlée, chaise longue |
| /ɜːz/ | /us/ | Betelgeuse, chanteuse, chartreuseA2, masseuse |
| /eɪ/ | /æ/ | apricotA2, dahlia, digitalis, patentA2,B2, comrade |
| (silent) | (sounded) | medicineB2. See also -ary -ery -ory -bury, -berry |
| /ɒ/ | /ə/ | Amos, condom, Enoch |
| /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | AsiaB2, PersiaB2, versionB2 |
| /ə/ | /oʊ/ | borough, thorough (see also -ory and -mony) |
| /ɪr/ | /ɚ/ | chirrupA2, stirrupA2, sirupA2, squirrel |
| /siː/ | /ʃ/ | cassia, CassiusA2, hessian |
| /tiː/ | /ʃ/ | consortium |
| /uː/ | /ju/ | couponA2, fuchsine, HoustonB2 |
| /uː/ | /ʊ/ | boulevard, snooker, woofA2 (weaving) |
| /ɜː(r)/ | /ʊr/ | connoisseurA2, entrepreneurA2 |
| /ɜː/ | /oʊ/ | föhnB2, MöbiusB2 |
| /ə/ | /eɪ/ | DraconianA2, hurricaneB2 |
| /eɪ/ | /i/ | deityA2,B2, Helene |
| /juː/ | /w/ | jaguar, Nicaragua |
| /ɔː/ | /ɑ/ | launch, saltB2 |
| /ɔː(r)/ | /ɚ/ | record (noun), stridorA2,B2 |
| /ziː/ | /ʒ/ | Frasier, Parisian, Malaysia |
| /æ/ | /ɒ/ | twatB2 |
| /ɒ/ | /æ/ | wrath |
| /ɑː/ | /ət/ | nougat |
| /ɑː/ | /ɔ/ | Utah |
| /ɑː/ | /ɔr/ | quarkA2,B2 |
| /æ/ | /ɛ/ | femme fataleA2 |
| /aɪ/ | /eɪ/ | Isaiah |
| /aʊ/ | /u/ | nousA2 |
| /ð/ | /θ/ | booth |
| /diː/ | /dʒi/ | cordiality |
| /dʒ/ | /gdʒ/ | suggestA2 |
| /eɪ/ | /ə/ | template |
| /eɪ/ | /ət/ | tourniquet |
| /ə(r)/ | /ɑr/ | MadagascarA2 |
| /ə(r)/ | /jɚ/ | figureA2 for the verb |
| /ɛ/ | /ɑ/ | envelopeA2,B2 |
| /ɛ/ | /ə/ | Kentucky |
| /ə/ | /æ/ | trapeze |
| /ɜː(r)/ | /ɛr/ | errA2 |
| /əʊ/ | /ɒt/ | Huguenot |
| /əʊ/ | /aʊ/ | MoscowA2 |
| /əʊ/ | /u/ | broochA2 |
| /ɪ/ | /i/ | pi(t)taB2 |
| /iː/ | /ɪ/ | beenB2 |
| /iːʃ/ | /ɪtʃ/ | nicheA2,B2 |
| /jɜː/ | /ju/ | milieu |
| /juː/ | /u/ | barracuda |
| /ɔː/ | /æ/ | falconA2 |
| /s/ | /z/ | asthma |
| /ʃ/ | /sk/ | scheduleB2 |
| /t/ | /θ/ | AnthonyA2,B2 |
| /ts/ | /z/ | piazzaA2 |
| /ʊ/ | /ɪ/ | kümmel |
| /ʊ/ | /ʌ/ | brusque |
| /uː/ | /aʊ/ | routeA2 |
| /uː/ | /oʊ/ | cantaloup(e) |
| /ʌ/ | /oʊ/ | covertA2,B2 |
| /z/ | /ʃ/ | Dionysius |
| /ziː/ | /ʃ/ | transientA2, nausea |
The slashes normally used to enclose IPA phonemic transcriptions have been omitted from the following table to improve legibility.
| Spelling | BrE IPA | AmE IPA | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| barrage | ˈbær.ɑːʒ | (1) bəˈrɑʒ (2) ˈbær.ɪdʒ |
The AmE pronunciations are for distinct senses (1) "sustained weapon-fire" vs (2) "dam, barrier" (Compare garage below.) |
| boehmite | (1) ˈbɜːmaɪt (2) ˈbəʊmaɪt |
(1) ˈbeɪmaɪt (2) ˈboʊmaɪt |
The first pronunciations approximate German [ø] (spelled <ö> or <oe>) ; the second ones are anglicized. |
| bouquet | 'buːkeɪ | (1) boʊˈkeɪ (2) buˈkeɪ |
|
| boyar | (1) ˈbɔɪ.ɑː (2) bəʊˈjɑː |
(1) boʊˈjɑr (2) ˈbɔɪ.jɚ |
|
| buoy | ˈbɔɪ | ˈbu.i | The U.S. pronunciation would be unrecognised in the UK. The British pronunciation occurs in America, more commonly for the verb than the noun, still more in derivatives buoyant, buoyancy. |
| cadre | (1) ˈkæd.ə(r) (2) ˈkæd.rə |
(1) ˈkæd.ri (2) ˈkad.reɪ |
|
| canton | kænˈtuːn | (1) kænˈtɑn (2) kænˈtoʊn |
difference is only in military sense "to quarter soldiers" |
| dilettante | dɪləˈtænti | (1) ˈdɪləˌtɑnt (2) ˌdɪləˈtɑnt |
BrE reflects the word's Italian origin; AmE approximates more to French. |
| enquiry/inquiry | ɪŋˈkwaɪ.(ə)ri | (1) ˈɪŋ.kwə.ri (2) ɪŋˈkwaɪ.(ə)ri |
BrE uses two spellings and one pronunciation. In AmE the word is usually spelled inquiry. |
| febrile | 'fiːb.raɪl | (1) ˈfɛb.ril (2) ˈfɛb.rəl |
The BrE pronunciation occurs in AmE |
| fracas | ˈfrækɑː | (1) 'freɪkəs (2) ˈfrækəs |
The BrE plural is French fracas /ˈfrækɑːz/; the AmE plural is anglicized fracases |
| garage | (1) ˈgærɪdʒ (2) ˈgærɑːʒ |
gəˈrɑ(d)ʒ | The AmE reflects French stress difference. The two BrE pronunciations may represent distinct meanings for some speakers; for example, "a subterranean garage for a car" (1) vs "a petrol garage" (2). (Compare barrage above.) |
| glacier | (1) ˈglæsiə (2) ˈgleɪsiə |
ˈgleɪʃɚ | |
| jalousie | (1) ʒælʊˈziː (2) ˈʒælʊziː |
ˈdʒæləsi | |
| lapsang souchong | ˈlæpsæŋ suːʃɒŋ | ˌlɑpsɑŋ ˈsuʃɑŋ | |
| lasso | ləˈsuː | ˈlæsoʊ | The BrE pronunciation is common in AmE |
| lieutenant | (1) lɛfˈtɛnənt (2) ləˈtɛnənt |
luˈtɛnənt | The 2nd British pronunciation is restricted to the Royal Navy. Standard Canadian pronunciation is the same as the British. |
| lychee | ˌlaɪˈtʃiː | ˈlitʃi | Spelling litchi has pronunciation /ˈlɪtʃi(ː)/ |
| Molière | ˈmɒl.i.ɛə | moʊlˈjɛr | |
| oblique | əbˈliːk | əbˈlaɪk | AmE is as BrE except in military sense "advance at an angle" |
| penchant | pãˈʃã | ˈpɛntʃənt | The AmE pronunciation is anglicized; the BrE is French. |
| penult | pɛˈnʌlt | (1) ˈpinʌlt (2) pɪˈnʌlt |
|
| premier | (1) ˈprɛmjə (2) ˈprɛmɪə |
(1) ˈprimɪr (2) prɪmˈɪr |
|
| première | ˈprɛmɪɛə | (1) prɪmˈɪr (2) prɪmˈjɛr |
|
| provost | ˈprɒvəst | (1) ˈproʊvoʊst (2) ˈproʊvəst |
The BrE pronunciation also occurs in AmE |
| quinine | ˈkwɪniːn | (1) ˈkwaɪnaɪn (2) ˈkwɪnaɪn |
|
| resource | (1) rɪˈzɔːs (2) rɪˈsɔːs |
ˈrisɔrs | |
| respite | ˈrɛspaɪt | (1) ˈrɛspət (2) rɪˈspaɪt |
|
| reveille | rɪˈvæliː | ˈrɛvəli | |
| slough | slaʊ | slu | sense "bog"; in metaphorical sense "gloom", the BrE pronunciation is common in AmE. Homograph "cast off skin" is /slʌf/ everywhere. |
| Tunisia | tjuːˈnɪziə | (1) tuˈniʒə (2) tuˈniʃə |
|
| untoward | ˌʌn.tʊˈwɔːd[1] | (1) ʌnˈtɔrd (2) ˌʌn.təˈwɔrd |
|
| vase | vɑːz | (1) veɪs (2) veɪz |
The BrE pronunciation also occurs in AmE |
| z (the letter) | zɛd | ziː | The spelling of this letter as a word corresponds to the pronunciation: thus Commonwealth (including, usually, Canada) zed and U.S. (and, occasionally, Canada) zee. |
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