Cornish people

All you want to know about Cornish people

Cornish people
Kernowyon
Six famous Cornish people
Emily Hobhouse • Bob Fitzsimmons • Richard Trevithick
John Couch Adams • Edward Boscawen • Humphry Davy
Total population

Uncertain
(Population of Cornwall in 2005
estimated at 519,400)[citation needed]
Regions with significant populations
 Cornwall (including Isles of Scilly)
 England* (Plymouth, London)
 United States (California)
 Australia (South Australia)
 South Africa
 New Zealand
 Wales
 Mexico
 Canada
* i.e. east of the River Tamar.
Languages
Religion
Related ethnic groups

The Cornish people (Cornish: Kernowyon) are regarded as an ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. They are often described as a Celtic people.

The number of people living in Cornwall who consider themselves to be more Cornish than British or English is unknown. One survey found that 35.1% of respondents identified as Cornish, with 48.4% of respondents identifying as English, a further 11% thought of themselves as British.[1] A Morgan Stanley survey in 2004 indicated that 44% of people in Cornwall identify as Cornish rather than English or British,[2] and there have been recent calls for more accuracy in the recording of the number who identify as Cornish in the 2011 Census.[3]

As with other ethnic groups in the British Isles, the question of identity is not straightforward. Ethnic identity has been based as much – if not more – on cultural identity than on descent. Many descendants of people who came and settled in Cornwall have adopted this identity.[4]

The subject of Cornish identity has been extensively studied in the Cornish studies series of books published by Exeter university press. Cornishness is examined with methodological tools varying from feminist theory to deconstructionism.[5]

In the 2001 UK Census, the population of Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly was estimated to be 501,267.[6]

For the first time in a UK Census, those wishing to describe their ethnicity as Cornish were given their own code number (06) on the 2001 UK Census form, alongside those for people wishing to describe themselves as English, Welsh, Irish or Scottish. About 34,000 people in Cornwall and 3,500 people in the rest of the UK wrote on their census forms in 2001 that they considered their ethnic group to be Cornish.[7] This represented nearly 7% of the population of Cornwall and is therefore a significant phenomenon.[8] Although happy with this development, campaigners expressed reservations about the lack of publicity surrounding the issue, the lack of a clear tick-box for the Cornish option on the census and the need to deny being British in order to write "Cornish" in the field provided. The UK government has agreed recently that English and Welsh will have an ethnicity tick box on the Census 2011 but there will be no Cornish option tick box. Various Cornish organisations are campaigning for the inclusion of the Cornish tick box on the next 2011 Census.[9][10]

Contents

Mythological descent of the Cornish nation

The Old 'Oss party attending the 'Obby 'Oss in Padstow with dozens of accordions and drums.

An ancient legend, the Brutus Myth, recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth, gives explicit reference to the Cornish people in describing their descent. The legend tells how Albion was colonised by refugees from Troy under Brutus, how Brutus renamed his new Kingdom, Britain, and how the island was subsequently divided up between his three sons, the eldest inheriting England and the other two Scotland and Wales. Additionally according to the legend there were two groups of Trojans who originally arrived in Britain. The smaller group was led by a warrior named Corineus, to whom Brutus granted extensive estates. And just as Brutus had ‘called the island Britain…and his companions Britons’, so Corineus called ‘the region of the kingdom which had fallen to his share Cornwall, after the manner of his own name, and the people who lived there... Cornishmen’.

The first account of Cornwall comes from the Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (c.90 BCE–c.30 BCE), supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the fourth-century BCE geographer Pytheas, who had sailed to Britain:

[The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion or the Land's End] from their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilised in their manner of life. They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced…Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to Gaul, and after travelling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône.[11]

Who these merchants were is not known. There is no current evidence for the theory that they were Phoenicians.[12]

No other region is picked out for such special treatment; the historian Dr Mark Stoyle has suggested that this shows that, as far as Geoffrey was concerned, Cornwall possessed a separate identity. Cornishmen and women continued to regard themselves as descendants of Corineus until well into the early modern period.[13]

In two recently published books, Blood of the Isles, by Brian Sykes[14] and Origins of the British, by Stephen Oppenheimer, [15] both authors claim that according to genetic evidence, most Cornish people and most Britons descend from an ancient (Paleolithic) population of the Iberian Peninsula, as a result of different migrations that took place during the Mesolithic and the Neolithic which laid the foundations for the present-day populations in the British Isles, indicating an ancient relationship among the populations of Atlantic Europe.

The Cornish in history

Main article: History of Cornwall
Year Event
4000 BC Examples of Cornish Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age structures are Chûn Quoit, Boscawen-Un and Chysauster Ancient Village.
60 BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus named Cornwall Belerion ("The Shining Land").
400s King Mark, of Tristan and Iseult fame, probably ruled in the late 5th century. According to Cornish folklore, he held court at Tintagel. King Salomon, father of Saint Cybi, ruled after Mark.
500s The Kingdom of Cornwall, which included the tribes of the Dumnonii and the Cornish Cornovii, emerged around the 6th century.[16].
577 The Battle of Deorham Down near Bristol results in the separation of the West Welsh (i.e. the Cornish) from the Welsh by the advance of the Saxons.
722 With their allies, the Danish Vikings, the Cornish Britons (the Cornovii) destroy an invading Anglo-Saxon army at "Hehil", a place whose location is unknown but which some claims put in the vicinity of modern-day Padstow.
878 The drowned Cornish king Donyarth is recorded in the Annales Cambriae as rex Cerniu ("King of Cornwall").
838 According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Cornish, in alliance with the Danes, are defeated by Egbert of Wessex at Hingston Down. (The eastern Cornish border in 838 lay on the line of the River Exe and River Taw.)
927 William of Malmesbury, writing around 1120, says that Athelstan evicted the Cornish from Exeter and perhaps the rest of Devon: "Exeter was cleansed of its defilement by wiping out that filthy race".[17]
928 It is thought that the Cornish king Huwal, "King of the West Welsh", was one of several kings who signed a treaty with Aethelstan of Wessex at Egmont Bridge.
936 Athelstan sets the border between Cornwall and England as the River Tamar.[18]
944 Athelstan's successor, Edmund I of England, styled himself "King of the English and ruler of this province of the Britons"[19]
1066 According to William of Worcester, writing in the 15th century, Cadoc was described as the last survivor of the Cornish royal line at the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066.[20] Following his conquest, William the Conqueror installs his brother, the Celtic-speaking Breton Robert, Count of Mortain, as the Earl of Cornwall.
1336 Edward, the Black Prince, named Duke of Cornwall.
1360 Treaty of Brétigny: "John, by the Grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy and Aquitaine, Earl of Anjou, confirmed the aforesaid; and Richard, King of Germany and Earl of Cornwall, in like manner, confirmed the aforesaid".
15th century The Croyland Chronicle states: "In order zealously to carry out the same, he sent the venerable men of God, brothers Egelmer and Nigel, his fellow-monks, with relics of the saints, into the western parts, namely, Flanders and France. To the northern parts and into Scotland he sent the brothers Fulk and Oger, and into Denmark and Norway the brothers Swetman and Wulsin the younger; while to Wales, Cornwall and Ireland he sent the brothers Augustin and Osbert".
1485 Polydore Vergil, an Italian cleric commissioned by King Henry VII to write a history of England, states that "The whole country of Britain is divided into four parts, whereof the one is inhabited by Englishmen, the other of Scots, the third of Welshmen, the fourth of Cornish people ... and which all differ among themselves either in tongue, either in manners, or else in laws and ordinances."
1497 First Cornish Uprising of 1497, ending in the Battle of Deptford Bridge, London.[21]
1497 Second Cornish Uprising of 1497 led by Perkin Warbeck.[22]
1508 Henry VII grants Cornwall a "Charter of Pardon", confirming and strenthening its right to its own parliament.[23]
1509 King Henry VIII's coronation procession includes "nine children of honour" representing "England and France, Gascony, Guienne, Normandy, Anjou, Cornwall, Wales and Ireland."
1531 From the court of King Henry VIII, the Italian diplomat Lodovico Falier writes in a letter that "The language of the English, Welsh and Cornish men is so different that they do not understand each other". He also claims it is possible to distinguish the members of each group by alleged "national characteristics".
1538 Writing to his government, the French ambassador in London, Gaspard de Coligny Chatillon, indicates ethnic differences thus: "The kingdom of England is by no means a united whole, for it also contains Wales and Cornwall, natural enemies of the rest of England, and speaking a [different] language".
1549 The Prayer Book Rebellion. The roots of this conflict can be traced back to the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 and the forced introduction of the English language Book of Common Prayer resulting in a decline of the Cornish language and Cornish cultural identity. Some 4,000 "rebels" were killed and eventually up to 11% of the Cornish population were slaughtered by English forces. After 1549, the term "Anglia et Cornubia" was no longer used in official documents.[24]
1603 Following Queen Elizabeth I's death, the Venetian ambassador writes that the "late queen had ruled over five different 'peoples': 'English, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish ... and Irish'".
1616 Arthur Hopton, later ambassador to Madrid, writes that "England is ... divided into three great Provinces, or Countries ... speaking a several and different language, as English, Welsh and Cornish".
1642 English Civil War: First Battle of Lostwithiel.
1643 Battle of Braddock
1643 The Battle of Stratton, a Cornish Royalist victory.
1644 King Charles I stays one night in Cornwall at Trecarrell near Launceston[25]
1644 Second Battle of Lostwithiel; Royalist victory.
1646 Siege of Pendennis Castle.
1648 The Gear Rout.
1652 The English puritan preacher, Roger Williams complained that "we have Indians ... in Cornwall, Indians in Wales, Indians in Ireland".
1769 The antiquarian William Borlase writes that "Of this time we are to understand what Edward I says ... that Britain, Wales, and Cornwall, were the portion of Belinus, elder son of Dunwallo, and that that part of the Island, afterwards called England, was divided in three shares, viz. Britain, which reached from the Tweed, Westward, as far as the river Ex; Wales inclosed by the rivers Severn, and Dee; and Cornwall from the river Ex to the Land's-End".
1801 Richard Trevithick builds a full-size steam road carriage.
1856 The Cornish Foreshore Case, a case of arbitration between the Crown and the Duchy of Cornwall. Officers of the Duchy successfully argued that the Duchy enjoyed many of the rights and prerogatives of a County palatine and that although the Duke of Cornwall was not granted Royal Jurisdiction he was considered to be quasi-sovereign within his Duchy of Cornwall.
1928 First Gorseth Kernow at Boscawen-un, instituted by Henry Jenner, symbolising the resurgent interest in Cornwall's Celtic cultural and linguistic heritage.
1951 The Cornish independence party, Mebyon Kernow(Cornish: "Sons of Cornwall"), is formed.
1971 The Kilbrandon Report into the British constitution recommends that, when referring to Cornwall, official sources should cite the "Duchy" rather than the "County". This was suggested in recognition of its constitutional position.
1977 Plaid Cymru MP Dafydd Wigley confirms in Parliament the Stannators' right to veto Westminster legislation.[26]
2001 The Cornish are allocated the ethnic code "06" for the 2001 UK Census (see UK Census 2001 Ethnic Codes).
2001 A petition in favour of a Cornish Assembly, carrying the signatures of over 50,000 people, is handed into 10 Downing Street on Wednesday 12 December 2001.[27]
2002 The Cornish language is officially recognised by the British Government.[28]

During the eighteenth century, Samuel Johnson created a Cornish declaration of independence that he used in his essay Taxation no Tyranny[29]

"We are the acknowledged descendants of the earliest inhabitants of Britain, of men, who, before the time of history, took possession of the island desolate and waste, and, therefore, open to the first occupants. Of this descent, our language is a sufficient proof, which, not quite a century ago, was different from yours."

Additionally, many maps of the isles prior to the seventeenth century showed Cornwall ("Cornubia"/"Cornwallia") as a nation on a par with Wales.[30][31][32][33]

Popular Cornish sentiment during the 19th century appears to have been still strong. For example, A. K. Hamilton Jenkin records the reaction of a school pupil who was asked to describe Cornwall's situation replied: "he's kidged to a furren country from the top hand" - i.e. "it's joined to a foreign country from the upper part". This reply was "heard by the whole school with much approval, including old Peggy (the school-dame) herself."[34]

The famous crime writer Wilkie Collins described Cornwall as:

"a county where, it must be remembered, a stranger is doubly a stranger, in relation to his provincial sympathies; where the national feeling is almost entirely merged into the local feeling [sic]; where a man speaks of himself as Cornish in much the same way that a Welshman speaks of himself as Welsh."[35]

Chambers Journal in 1861 described Cornwall as "one of the most un-English of English counties"[36], a sentiment echoed by the naturalist W.H. Hudson who also referred to it as "un-English" and said there were:

"[few] Englishmen in Cornwall who do not experience that antipathy or sense of separation in mind from the people they live with, and are not looked upon as foreigners"[37]

Contemporary references

In modern times, the Cornish have particularly been connected with tin mining.

In 1937, Bartholomew published a Map of European Ethnicity prepared by the Edinburgh Institute of Geography which featured the "Celtic Cornish".

More recently, on 12 July 2005, Jim Fitzpatrick MP, an ODPM Parliamentary Under Secretary in the current Labour government, said in the Commons in response to Andrew George MP, a Liberal Democrat representing the St Ives constituency in Cornwall, "I realise that the people of Cornwall consider that they have a separate identity, but that alone does not justify creating an assembly for Cornwall."[38] Phil Woolas MP, Minister for Local Government, indicated the same in his answer to a letter from Mebyon Kernow: "On your point about Cornwall’s desire to control its own future, the Government is very much aware of the strength of feeling about Cornwall’s separate identity and distinctiveness ... The Government recognises that many people in Cornwall consider they have a separate identity."

NGOs such as Eurominority and the Federal Union of European Nationalities also give varying degrees of recognition to a Cornish people.[39][40][41]

Cornish language

The Cornish language is seen by many as the cultural backbone of the Cornish identity, although only 3,500 of the estimated 250,000 Cornish people (1.4%) speak it to a basic conversational level and only around a tenth of those with fluency. Recently the Cornish language, which was revived in the 20th century after dying out as a native tongue during the 19th century, has been recognised by the UK and EU for protection as a UK minority language and now receives funding from both these bodies. The Cornish language is a Brythonic language related to Welsh and Breton. In June 2005, after much pressure from language groups and groups such as the Gorseth Kernow, the government allocated £80,000 per year for three years of direct central government funding to the Cornish language. Although pleased with this development, there have been concerns however that in the same period for example the Ulster Scots language is being allocated £1,000,000 per year of direct government funding. This comes after the British government acknowledged in its 1st European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages compliance report that: "There are no current demands from within the school system for Ulster-Scots to be taught as a language. There have been concerns that while the ECRML Level II Cornish language remains in the slow lane, the Ulster-Scots language is to be made a ECRML Level III language.[42][43]

A distinct dialect of English can also be found in Cornwall, and appears in many popular Cornish folksongs such as Camborne Hill. To an extent, the accent and dialect is a badge of "Cornishness" for some people, but interest in Anglo-Cornish has been overshadowed by the Cornish language recently.

Descent

John Cawley throwing Chris French at Demonstration at Robby Richards Museum Opening - CWA Event 13-14th May 2006. Cornish wrestling has a long history, and was mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth.

Many who perceive themselves to be of the Cornish nation also consider themselves to be descended from the Brythons, or Cornovii (Cornish), of the post-Roman period. For this reason they consider there to be a kinship connection with the Welsh and Breton peoples and more distantly with the Scots, Manx and Irish. After the Anglo-Saxon conquest of southern, eastern and central Great Britain, Brythonic speakers were gradually pushed further into the fringes, eventually cutting them off into three groups: the Southwestern Britons – from whence the Cornish – the West Britons (the Welsh) and the Northern Britons (see Cumbric language).

This sense of a shared past is given voice in such organisations as the Celtic League and Celtic Congress, both of whom recognise Cornwall and the Cornish as a Celtic nation.

Today, many family and given names from Cornwall are clearly rooted in the Cornish language.

Y chromosome analysis of samples from the British Isles, Germany, Denmark, Norway, Friesland, and the Basque Country have shown that Cornish men's Y chromosomes are generally more similar to those of the assumed indigenous population (Welsh/Irish/Basque) than are those of men from other parts of England or Scotland. The Y chromosomes from Cornwall, however, were more Germanic (Danish/German/Frisian) than those from Wales, Ireland or the Basque Country. It should be noted that samples from all parts of the British Isles show an indigenous component.[44]

In 2005, professor Sir Walter Bodmer was appointed to lead a £2.3 million project (roughly 4.5 million USD) by the Wellcome Trust at Oxford University to examine the genetic makeup of the United Kingdom. The findings, published on Channel 4's Faces of Britain in April 2007[45] show that the Cornish people have a particular variant of the MC1R gene identifying them as a Celtic race more closely related to the Welsh, Irish and Breton peoples than to their English neighbours.

Politics

Main articles: Politics of Cornwall and Constitutional status of Cornwall

The Cornish national identity is given voice also in the existence of various political and pressure groups. These organisations usually call for greater home rule for Cornwall, recognition of Cornwall as a Duchy and various other human rights issues. (See Cornish nationalism and Constitutional status of Cornwall.)

In parliamentary politics, Cornwall is a Liberal Democrat stronghold and in the 2005 General Election, all five members of parliament returned to Westminster were Liberal Democrats.[46] The largest Cornish nationalist party, Mebyon Kernow (Cornish for Sons of Cornwall), fielded candidates in four of the five constituencies and received around 3,500 votes, less than two percent of constituencies' electorate.

The Conservative Party selected four women and two men to fight the new six constituencies which will probably be in place (suject to Parliamentary approval) at the next general election in Cornwall, and claim to be campaigning to ensure that Cornwall's voice is heard in government.

The Liberal Democrats in Cornwall, however, have campaigned for greater European integration, higher taxation, opposed measures to make the UK safer from international terrorism and to abolish the current seven District and County Councils and replace it with a single unitary authority for the County. Despite overwhelming opposition from the residents of Cornwall, the Government granted the Liberal Democrats their request and the elections to this body will take place in 2009.

The Liberal Democrats have also campaigned on Cornish language issues,[47][48] Cornish national minority issues and for the establishment of a devolved Cornish Assembly[49] and Cornish development agency.[50]

Mebyon Kernow (Cornish for "Sons of Cornwall", often abbreviated MK) is the only Cornish based political party. The main objective of MK is to establish greater autonomy in Cornwall, through the establishment of a legislative Cornish Assembly. They claim to campaign for all the people of Cornwall with a political programme that offers an alternative to the London-centred parties.

The Cornish branch of the Green Party of England and Wales also campaigns on a manifesto of devolution to Cornwall and Cornish minority issues. In the 2005 general election the Green Party struck a partnership deal with Mebyon Kernow.[51]

Religion

Traditionally, the Cornish have been nonconformist in their religion. Celtic Christianity was predominant during the first millennium AD and many Cornish saints are commemorated in legends, churches and place names.

Approximately four thousand people from Devon and Cornwall died in the Prayer Book Rebellion in the 1540s, trying to resist the compulsory use of a new English language version of the Book of Common Prayer. Attempts to revert to the Latin version, or to translate the text into Cornish, were suppressed. This failure to produce or sustain a translation of the Bible in Cornish is generally seen as a crucial factor in the demise of the language. An approved version of the Bible in Cornish was finally published in 2004.[52]

Methodism

During the Industrial Revolution, Methodism proved to be very popular amongst the working classes in Cornwall. Methodist chapels became important social centres, with church-affiliated groups such as male voice choirs playing a central role in social life. Methodism still plays a large part in the religious life of Cornwall today, although Cornwall has shared in the general post-World War II decline in British religious worship. Cornwall and Gwennap Pit in particular were favourite places of the founder of Methodism, John Wesley.

Fry an Spyrys

In 2003, a campaign group was formed called Fry an Spyrys (English: "Free the Spirit")[53] dedicated to disestablishing the Church of England in Cornwall in favour of an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion; a Church of Cornwall. They appeal to the precedents set when the Anglican Church was disestablished in Wales to form the Church in Wales in 1920 and in Ireland to form the Church of Ireland in 1869. The group's chairman is Dr Garry Tregidga of the Institute of Cornish Studies.

Cornish emigration and diaspora

Main article: Cornish emigration

In the 18th and 19th centuries, many Cornish people migrated to various parts of the world in search of a better life – this is called Cornish migration. A driving force for some emigrants was the opportunity for skilled miners to find work abroad, later in combination with the decline in the tin and copper mining industries in Cornwall. Migration became so common that a slang term to describe a Cornish migrant abroad appeared: "Cousin Jack"[54].

Today, in the USA, Canada, Mexico, Australia, South Africa and other countries, some of the descendants of these original migrants celebrate their Cornish ancestry and remain proud of the Cornish family names they carry. This is evidenced by the existence of both Cornish societies and Cornish festivals in these countries, as well as a growing overseas interest in the Cornish language.

See also

Cornwall portal




References

  1. ^ Appendix I: Sample Profile (downloadable '.doc' file) from QUALITY OF LIFE IN CORNWALL: Summary Report (2004), by Cornwall County Council Research and Information Unit. Retrieved 16 July 2006.
  2. ^ Morgan Stanley survey shows that 44% identify as Cornish rather tha English or British
  3. ^ Calls for Cornish identity to be clearly recorded on 2011 Census
  4. ^ Payton, Philip: Cornwall – A History. ISBN 1-904880-05-3
  5. ^ Various authors: Cornish Studies series, ed. Philip Payton ISBN 0-85989-771-0.
  6. ^ Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly from Census 2001: National Statistics Online, UK state website. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
  7. ^ [1] from The London School of Economics and Political Science website.
  8. ^ Cornish ethnicity data from the 2001 Census
  9. ^ Cornish demand tick box for 2011 Census
  10. ^ Mebyon Kernow support 2011 Census Cornish ethnicity tick box
  11. ^ Halliday, p51.
  12. ^ Halliday, p52.
  13. ^ Stoyle, Mark: West Britons -Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State ISBN 0-85989-687-0.
  14. ^ Sykes, Bryan (2006). Blood of the Isles : exploring the genetic roots of our tribal history. London: Bantam. ISBN 0593056523. 
  15. ^ Oppenheimer, Stephen (2006). The origins of the British : a genetic detective story : the surprising roots of the English, Irish, Scottish and Welsh. New York: Carroll & Graf. ISBN 9780786718900. 
  16. ^ Peter Berresford Ellis. (1993). Celt and Saxon. London: Constable and Co.
  17. ^ Philip Payton. (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates
  18. ^ Philip Payton, A History of Cornwall (1996), p.82.
  19. ^ Malcolm Todd 1987, p.289.
  20. ^ Philip Payton. (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates
  21. ^ 1497 Cornish battle at Deptford Bridge, London
  22. ^ Channel 4 - Perkin Warbeck - The great pretender
  23. ^ Sources of Cornish History - Charter of Pardon - 1508
  24. ^ Philip Payton, Cornwall - A History, 1996
  25. ^ [2] 'Parishes: Lawhitton - Luxulion', Magna Britannia: volume 3: Cornwall (1814), pp. 193-206.
  26. ^ Cornwall timeline
  27. ^ BBC News 11th December 2001 [3]
  28. ^ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2410383.stm BBC News November 2002 - Cornish gains official recognition from the Government
  29. ^ TAXATION NO TYRANNY by Samuel Johnson, From The Works of Samuel Johnson published by Pafraets & Company, Troy, New York (1913). Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  30. ^ Detail by Gerardus Mercator (1569) from The Mercator Atlas of Europe Retrieved 16 July 2006.
  31. ^ Anglia & Hibernia by Sebastian Munster (1550), from Old Maps from RootsWeb.com a genealogy website. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  32. ^ Epitome Theatri Orteliani by Abraham Ortelius (1595), from Old Maps from RootsWeb.com a genealogy website. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  33. ^ Anglia et Hibernia Nova by Girolamo Ruscelli (1561), from Old Maps from RootsWeb.com a genealogy website. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  34. ^ Hamilton Jenkin, A.K. (1927) The Cornish Miner. Newton Abbot. David & Charles (reprint 1972). Page 274.
  35. ^ Collins, Wilkie (1851) Rambles Beyond Railways, or Notes in Cornwall taken a-foot . London. Richard Bentley. Page 124.
  36. ^ Chambers Journal 17th February, 1861.
  37. ^ Hudson, W.H. (1908) The Land's End: A Naturalist's Impressions of West Cornwall. London. Wildwood (reprint 1981). Page 34.
  38. ^ Regional Government Debate: The United Kingdom Parliament, 12 Jul 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  39. ^ The Cornish in the south-west of Great Britain article in FUEN - Now Actuel No 77, p. 4, October 2001. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  40. ^ Minorities, native people and ethnic groups from Eurominority website. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  41. ^ Stateless nations and regions Eurominority website. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  42. ^ BBC News - June 2005 - Cash boost for Cornish language
  43. ^ Suppression of Cornish identity and language
  44. ^ A Y Chromosome Census of the British Isles, Cristian Capelli et al in Current Biology, Volume 13, Issue 11, Pages 979-984 (2003). Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  45. ^ Channel 4 TV April 2007 - "Faces of Britain" identifying the Cornish Celtic gene
  46. ^ General Election 2005, Results in Full Map of constituencies from Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 15 July 2005.
  47. ^ Cornish gains official recognition: BBC News, 6 November 2002. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  48. ^ Local MP swears oath in Cornish BBC News, 12 May, 2005. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  49. ^ Blair gets Cornish assembly call: BBC News, 11 December 2001. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  50. ^ Aid cash bureaucracy criticised: BBC News, 28 October, 2004. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  51. ^ Historic election deal between Cornish party and Greens, Green Party of England and Wales website, 25th Mar 2004. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  52. ^ The Cornish New Testament was published by the Cornish Language Board on 13 August 2004.
  53. ^ Fry an Spyrys: The campaign for self-government for the churches of Cornwall. Website. Retrieved 15 July 2006.
  54. ^ Cousin Jack: BBC - Legacies - Immigration and Emigration - England - Cornwall. Website. Retrieved 6 September 2006.

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