Initiated in 1946 by Wolfgang Steinecke, the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik, Darmstadt (Darmstadt International Summer Courses for New Music), held annually until 1970 and subsequently every two years, encompass both the teaching of composition and interpretation and include premières of new works. After Steinecke's death in 1961, the courses were run by Ernst Thomas (1962–81), Friedrich Hommel (1981–94), and Solf Schaefer (1995– ), who has announced his intention to step down in April 2009 (Döring 2008). Thanks to these courses, Darmstadt is now a major centre of modern music, particularly for German composers.
Among the many distinguished lecturers to have appeared are Theodor Adorno, Milton Babbitt, Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, John Cage, Christoph Caskel, Heiko Daxl, Morton Feldman, Brian Ferneyhough, Wolfgang Fortner, Severino Gazzelloni, Alois Hába, Hermann Heiss, Hans Werner Henze, Lejaren Hiller, Mauricio Kagel, Rudolf Kolisch, Aloys Kontarsky, Ernst Krenek, René Leibowitz, Liza Lim, Josef Rufer, György Ligeti, Bruno Maderna, Olivier Messiaen, Luigi Nono, Siegfried Palm, Wolfgang Rihm, Hermann Scherchen, Peter Stadlen, Eduard Steuermann, Leonard Stein, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Hans Heinz Stuckenschmidt, David Tudor, Edgard Varèse, Friedrich Wildgans, and Iannis Xenakis.
During the late 1950s and early 1960s the courses were charged with a perceived lack of interest on the part of some of its zealot followers in any music not matching the uncompromisingly modern views of Pierre Boulez—the "party subservience" of the "clique orthodoxy" of a "sect", in the words of Dr. Kurt Honolka, written in 1962 in an effort to "make the public believe that the most advanced music of the day was no more than a fancy cooked up by a bunch of aberrant conspirators conniving at war against music proper" (Boehmer 1987, 43). This led to the use of the phrase 'Darmstadt School' (coined originally in 1957 by Luigi Nono [1975, 30] to describe the serial music being written at that time by himself and composers such as Boulez, Maderna, Stockhausen, Berio, and Pousseur) as a pejorative term, implying a "mathematical," rule-based music.
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