Mazandarani language

Mazandarani Māzərūni مازِرونی - Mazəni مازنی Tapəri تپری
Spoken in:	Mazandaran province, and some parts of Tehran, Golestan, Semnan provinces in Iran (Iran)
Region:	Southern Caspian Sea
Total speakers:	3 - 4.5 million (As Native)
Language family:	Indo-European  Indo-Iranian   Iranian    Western Iranian     Northwestern Iranian      Caspian       Mazandarani
Writing system:	Perso-Arabic Script
Official status
Official language in:	none
Regulated by:	Linguistic Faculty of Babol University
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	none
ISO 639-2:	ira
ISO 639-3:	mzn
Areas where Mazandarani is spoken as mother tongue
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.

Mazandarani or Tabari (Also known as: Mazeniki, Taperki in Mazandarani) is an Iranian language of the northwestern branch. Spoken mainly in Iran's Mazandaran and Golestan provinces, it is mutually unintelligible with respect to Persian^[1]. It is related to Gilaki langauge and is sometimes called as Tabari^[2].

Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Grammar 3.1 Morphology 3.1.1 Function Cases 3.1.2 Adjectives 3.1.3 Suffixes 3.1.3.1 Locatives 3.1.3.2 Subjectives 4 Orthography 4.1 Perso-Arabic Script 5 Vocabulary 6 Influences exerted by Mazanderani 6.1 Modern-day of Iran 6.2 In non-Iranian languages 7 Specimen 8 References 8.1 General 8.2 Notes 8.3 Further reading 8.4 Bibliography 8.5 More references 9 See also 10 External links

Etymology

The name Mazanderani (and variants of it) derives from the name of Mazanderan province in Iran(Mazerun in Mazanderani). People traditionally call their language Gileki, the same as Gilekis do. Gileki consist of two morphemes : Gil + postfix ki. However the fact is Gilan & Mazanderan were part of the same region known as Tabaristan which it was regional language was known as Gileki.

History

Mazandarani belongs to Northwestern Iranian languages are spoken^[3]. Mazandarani has one of the longest written traditions, from the tenth to the fifteenth century. This status was achieved during the long reign of the independent and semi-independent rulers of Mazandaran in the centuries after the Arab invasion^[4].

The literature of this language includes books such as Marzban Nameh (later translated into Persian) and the poetry of Amir Pazevari. The use of Mazandarani, however, has been in decline. Its literary and administrative rank was lost to Persian perhaps long before the ultimate integration of Mazandaran into the national administration in the early seventeenth century.^[3]

The Mazandarani language is closely related to Gilaki and the two languages have similar vocabularies. Notably, the language did not come under the influence of other incoming languages such as Arabic and Turkish. Gilaki and Mazandarani retain more than Persian does of the noun declension system that was characteristic of older-Iranian languages.^[5] According to Ethnologue, there were more than three million native speakers of Mazandarani in 1993 speaking different dialects such as Gorgani, Ghadikolahi and Palani^[5]

Most Mazandarni speakers are fluent in both Mazanadarni and standard Persian.^{[3] [5]} However, with the growth of education and press, the differentiation between Mazandarani and some other Iranian dialects are likely to disappear.^[5][6] Dr. Habib Borjian, the well-known Mazandaranologist, states that nowadays Mazandarani especially in urban areas is more a dialect rather than a language. ^[7]

Grammar

Mazanderani is an inflected and gender free language.^[8] It is considered SVO in conventional typology.^[9].

Morphology

Function Cases Case Position Meaning Səre-a Nominative The Home Səre re Accusative To the Home Səreo Vocative Home! Səreşe Genitive Home’s Səre re Dative To the Home Səre Həje Ablative By the Home

Adjectives Adjective Position Meaning And-e Səre Applicative   Gat Səre Comparative Big Home Ota Səre Determinative That Home Səre Superlative Xaar Səre

Suffixes

Mazandarani is one of Synthetic languages which uses many suffixes to construct adjectives, verbs, and especially nouns. The list below is a sample list obtained from the Online Mazandarani-Persian dictionary.

Locatives Suffix Example Meaning Kash Kharkash Good Place Kel Tutkel Mulberry Limit Ij Yoshij Yoshian Bun Chenarbon At the Plantain Ja Səre Ja Of Home Sar Bənesar At the Below

Subjectives Suffix Example Meaning Chaf Au Chaf Water Sucker Rush Halikrush Drupelet Seller Su Vərgsu Wolf Hunter Kaf Ukaf Who acts in water Vej Galvej Mouse Finder Yel vəngyel Bandmaster

Orthography

Perso-Arabic Script

Mazanderani is commonly written in the Perso-Arabic script.^[10]

Vocabulary

Although Mazandarani shares the great part of its vocabulary with Gilaki (due to fact that it belongs to Caspian group of languages) and to lesser extend Modern Kurdish & Persian, it has many specific words of its own. Many Proto Indo-Iranian words, no longer in use in Persian, survive in Mazanderani.

Sheltered by high Alborz mountains, Mazandarani preserves many Indo-European old words which are no longer in common use in many other Iranian languages such as Persian. Below, a few common Mazanderani words & their English cognates are listed for sample.

English	Mazanderani	Persian	Example of
New	Neu	Nau/no	Adjective
Great	Geat	Bozorg	Adjective
Better	Better	Behtar	Adverb
Been	Bine	Budeh/Shodeh	Auxiliary Verb
Be	Be	Budan	Infinitive of Verb
Moon	Moong	Mâh	Noun
Tulip	Tulip	Lâleh	Noun
Cow	Guw	Gâv Mâda	Noun
My	Me	az man	Pronoun
Let (German: Lass)	Lass	Derang	Verb
Gab	Gab	Goftogu	Verb
Right	Rast	Râst/Haq/Amud

English	Zazaki	Kurdish	Pashto	Balochi	Mazandarani	Persian	Middle Persian	Parthian	Old Persian	Avestan
beautiful	rind	delal/rind/cûwan	ṣhkulae/khkulae, ṣhayista/khayista	sharr, soherâ	ṣəmxâl/ Xəş-nəmâ	zibâ/ xuš-chehreh	hučihr, hužihr	hužihr	naiba	vahu-, srîra
blood	goyni	xwîn	wina	hon	xun	xūn	xōn	xōn		vohuni
bread	non	nan	ḍoḍəy	nân, nagan	nûn	nân	nân	nân
bring	ardene	anîn/hênan	rāwṛəm	âvardan	biyârden	âvardan	âwurdan, āwāy-, āwar-, bar-	āwāy-, āwar-, bar-	bara-	bara, bar-
brother	bıra	bira	wror	barādar	birâr	barādar	brād, brâdar	brād, brādar	brâtar	brâtar-
come	amaene	hatin	rātəm	áhag, âmadan	Biyamona, enen	âmadan	âmadan, awar	awar, čām	ây-, âgam	âgam-
cry	berbaene	girîn	zhāṛəm/jāṛəm	taukh	bərmə/ qâ	geristan	griy-, bram-
dark	tari	tarî	tyārə	thár	siyo	târîk	târīg/k	târīg, târēn		sâmahe, sâma
daughter	çena	keç/kîj/kenîşk/dot	lur	mind	kijâ/ dether	doxtar	duxtar	duxt, duxtar		duxδar
day	roce	roj	wraż/wraz	roshe	rezh	rûz	rōz		raucah-
do	kerdene	kirin/kirdin	kawəm	khandagh	hâkerden	kardan	kardan	kartan	kạrta-	kәrәta-
door	çeber	derge/derî	war	gelo	bəli	dar	dar	dar, bar	duvara-	dvara-
die	merdene	mirin	mṛəm	mireg	mərnen	murdan	murdan		mạriya-	mar-
donkey	her	ker	khar	her	xar	xar	xar
egg	hak	hêlk	hagəi	heyg	merqâna	toxm	toxmag, xâyag	taoxmag, xâyag		taoxma-
earth	êrd (Arabic)	herd/erd (Arabic)	zməka/məzəka	zemin	zemi	zamin	zamīg	zamīg	zam-	zãm, zam, zem
evening	shund	êvar/êware	māṣhām/mākhām	begáh	nəmâşun	begáh	sarshab	êbêrag
eye	çım	çav	stərga	ch.hem, chem	bəj, Çəş	chashm	chašm	chašm	čaša-	čašman-
father	pi	bav/bawk	plār	pyt, abbâ	piyer	pedar	pidar	pid	pitar	pitar
fear	ters	tirs	vera	terseg	təşəpaş	tars	tars	tars	tạrsa-	tares-
fiancé	washte	dezgîran, destgirtî	numzād	nām zād	xasgar	nâm-zad	-	-
fine	weş	xweş/baş	ṣha/kha	hosh	xaar	xosh	dârmag			srîra
finger	gisht	til/qamik	gwəṭa	lenkwk, mordâneg	angoos	angošt	angust			dišti-
fire	adır	agir	wōr	âch, âs	tesh	âtaš, âzar	âdur, âtaxsh	ādur	âç-	âtre-/aêsma-
fish	mosa	masî	kab	mâhi	mahi	mâhi	mâhig	mâsyâg		masyô, masya
food / eat	werdene	xwarin	khoṛə / khwrəm	warag, vereg	Xərak/ xəynen	Gaza / xordan	parwarz / xwâr, xwardīg	parwarz / xwâr		hareθra / ad-, at-
go	şiyaene	çûn	żəm	jwzzegh	shunen / burden	raftan	raftan, shudan	ay-	ai-	ay-, fra-vaz
god	heq	xwedê	khwdae	hwdâ	homa, xəda	khodâ	bay, abragar		baga-	baya-
good	hol, hewl	baş, çak	ṣhə/khə	jawáin, šarr	xâr	xub / nîuū	xūb, nêkog		vahu-	vohu, vaŋhu-
grass	vash	giya, riwek, şênkatî	wāṣhə/wākhə	rem		sabzeh, giyâh	giyâ	dâlūg		urvarâ
great	gırs / pil	gir, mezin, gewre	loy	mastar	gat, belang, pila	bozorg	wuzurg, pīl		vazraka-	uta-, avañt
hand	dest	dest/lep	lās	dast	dess	dast	dast	dast	dasta-	zasta-
head	ser	sar	sar, kaparae	saghar	kalə	sar, kalleh	sar
heart	zerre	dil	zṛə	dil, hatyr	dil	del	dil	dil		aηhuš
horse	astor	hesp	ās	asp	istar	asp, astar	asp, stōr	asp, stōr	aspa	aspa-
house	çé(ké)	mal	kōr	log	səre	xâneh	xânag			demâna-, nmâna-
hunger	vêşon	birçîtî/birsiyetî	lwəẓha/lwəga	shudhagh	veyshna	gorosnegi	gursag, shuy
language (Also Tongue)	zıwan / zon	ziwan	zhəba/jəba	zevân	ziwân	zabân	zuwân	izβân	hazâna-	hizvâ-
laugh	huyaene	kenîn	khandā	khendegh, hendeg		xandidan	xandīdan		karta	Syaoθnâvareza-
life	cewiyayish	jiyan/jîn	zhwandūn	zendegih		zendegi	zīndagīh, zīwišnīh	žīwahr, žīw-		gaêm, gaya-
man	merd	mêr/piyaw	saṛae/nər	merd	merd	mard	mard	mard	martiya-	mašîm, mašya
moon	ashmê	heyv/mang	spoẓhmae/spogmae	máh	mithra	mâh	māh	māh	mâh-	måŋha-
mother	mae	dayik	mōr	mât, mâs	mâr	mâdar	mādar	mādar	mâtar	mâtar-
mouth	fek	dev/dem	khwlə	daf		dahân	dahân, rumb			åŋhânô, âh, åñh
name	name	naw	num	num	num	nâm	nâm		nâman	nãman
night	şewe	shew	shpa	shaw, šap	sheow	shab	shab		xšap-	xšap-
open	akerdene	vekirin	khlās	božagh	vâ-hekârden	bâz-kardan	abâz-kardan		būxtaka-	būxta-
peace	kotpy	aştî	rogha	ârâm		âshti, ârâmeš, ârâmî	âštih, râmīšn	râm, râmīšn	šiyâti-	râma-
pig	xoz	beraz	khug/seḍar	khug	xi	xūk	xūk			varâza (wild pig)
place	ca	cih/şûn	żae	hend		jâh/gâh	gâh	gâh	gâθu-	gâtu-, gâtav-
read	wendene	xwendin	lwalawəm	wánagh	baxinden	xândan	xwândan
say	vatene	gotin	wāyəm	gushagh	baotena	goftan, gap(-zadan)	guftan, gōw-, wâxtan	gōw-	gaub-	mrû-
sister	wae	xweşk	khōr	gwhâr	xâxer	xâhar/xwâhar	xwahar
small	qıc	piçûk	kuchnae, waṛukae	lekem	pətik, bechuk, perushk	kuchak, kam, xurd, rîz	kam, rangas	kam	kamna-	kamna-
son	qıj	kur	zoe	pisar, phusagh	pisser	pesar, pûr, baça	pur, pusar	puhr	puça	pūθra-
soul	gan	giyan				ravân	rūwân, gyân	rūwân, gyân		urvan-
spring	usar	bihar	sparlae/pusarlae		wehâr	bahâr	wahâr		vâhara-	θūravâhara-
tall	berz	bilind	jəg	bwrz		boland / bârez	buland, borz	bârež		barez-
three	hire	sê	dre	se	se	se	sê	hrē	çi-	θri-
village	dewe	gund, dê	kəlae	helk	deh	deh, wis	wiž	dahyu-	vîs-, dahyu-
want	waştene	xwestin	ghwāṛəm	lotagh	bexanen	xâstan	xwâstan
water	owe	aw	ōbə	âf	ab	âb/aw	âb	âb	âpi	avô-
when	key	kengê	kəla	ked		kay	kay	ka		čim-
wind	va	ba	bād	gwáth	wâ	bâd	wâd			vâta-
wolf	verg	gur	lewə/shermuṣh	gurkh	varg	gorg	gurg		varka-	vehrka
woman	ceniye	jin/afret	ṣhəza/khəza	jan	zhənya	zan	zan	žan		hâīrīšī-, nâirikâ-
year	serre	sal	kāl	sâl		sâl	sâl		θard	ýâre, sarәd
yes / no	ya / né	erê / na	ho (wo) / na, ya	ere / na		hâ (âre) / na	hâ / ney	hâ / ney	yâ / nay, mâ	yâ / noit, mâ
yesterday	vizêri	duh/dwênê	parun	zí	direz	diruz	dêrûž
English	Zazaki	Kurdish	Pashto	Balochi	Mazandarani	Persian	Middle Persian	Parthian	Old Persian	Avestan

Colloquial Mazandarani has also a few Nordic, French, English, and a handful of Russian loan words in everyday use.

Influences exerted by Mazanderani

Modern-day of Iran

There are many popular companies in Iran that their name are from the origin words of this language.

In non-Iranian languages

There are some Mazanderani loanwords in the Turkmen language.^[11] There is also evidence that Sanskrit and Mazanderani share some words - for instance, vrika is Sanskrit for wolf, while the Mazenderan equivalent is varg as well it's swedish cognate, varg.

Specimen

mosalmunun! mέrε šabgir varέnnε āx, mέrε bā kamεr-e haftir varέnnε mέrε bavέrdεnε Tεrkεmun-e dam Tεrkεmun kāfεr o gεlilε be-ra:m Moslems! They are carrying me at the crack of dawn. O, they are taking me away with a pistol on the[ir] waist. They took me to the vicinity of the Turkmen [tribes]. Turkmen [are] unbelievers and the bullet [is] ruthless. gεtε, ašun xō badimā mεn še Ali-rε sio dasmāl davέsso še gali-rε age xā́nnε bā́urεn ámi badi-rε bázεne xεrusεk šέme gali-rε volvol sar-e dār gέnε εy zāri-zāri me gol dāš báio sarbāz-e Sāri He would say, Last night I dreamed my Ali. He [had] wrapped a black kerchief [round] his throat. If it is their intention is malignant about us, May croup-cough attack your throat! The nightingale on the tree constantly bemoans (?) My dear brother drafted in Sāri. Quatrains sang by Sabura Azizi, transcribed and translated by Habib Borjian; Ref. Habib Borjian and Maryam Borjian, “Mysterious Memories of a Woman: Ethno-Linguistic Materials from Rural Mazandaran,” Iran and the Caucasus 11/2, 2007.

ozεrε-vâ énε dámbe sεvâí iấnnε búye dεlbárrε dεvấi qam o qossέye dεl vónε kεnârí me jấne gεl dénε búye xεdâí
	At break of dawn blows the cool breeze. It brings over the healing odor of the beloved. The sorrow of the heart will go away. My dear flower smells like God.
basutέ sinέye miónnε hấreš! tévεsse – nấzεnin! – baímε nâxεš tε armúne dέl i, εy nâzεnin yâr! tévεsse mέsle bεlbεl zámbε nâlεš
	Look at the middle of the burnt chest! For you – O loveable! – I am unwell. You are the heart’s aspiration, O beloved! For you I moan like a nightingale.
Dεl-e armun “Heart’s Aspiration” Rezaqoli Mohammadi Kordekheyli Transcribed and translated by: Habib Borjian

References

General

• Dr. Borjian, Maryam; Spring 2005; Bilingualism in Mazandaran: Peaceful Coexistence With Persian; Columbia University, Language, Communities and Education, pp.65-73.

Notes

1. ^ [1], p.66)
2. ^ Mazandarani Language, Ethnologue.
3. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.tc.columbia.edu/students/sie/LCEjr05/pdfs/Borjian.pdf
4. ^ Windfuhr, G. L., New Iranian languages: Overview. In R. Schmitt. (Ed.), Compendium linguarum Iranicarum (pp. 246-49). Wiesbaden: L.Reichert, 1989.
5. ^ ^{a b c d} Dalb, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages. Columbia University Press, 226. ISBN 0231115687. 
6. ^ [2]
7. ^ Habib Birjian (2006) "Mazandarani: language or dialect" Iranshenasi 18/1, 2006, pp. 43-49.
8. ^ She means only her `husband':
9. ^ [3]
10. ^ http://www.language-keyboard.com/resource/indo-euro/mazanderani.htm
11. ^ Jahangir Nasr Ashrafi, 2005, Dictionary of Tabari, Vol 5, comparison between Mazanderani and Turkmen

Further reading

Recent Studies

• Habib Borjian, Archiv Orientálni, 2006, The Oldest Known Texts in New Tabari: The Collection of Aleksander ChodŸko, 74/2, pp. 153-171.
• Dr. Borjian, Habib; 2006; Amir Pazevari (legendary poet of Mazandarani language), University of Minnesota, United States
• Habib Borjian, Iranian Studies, 2006, A Mazandarani account of the Babi Incident at Shaikh Tabarsi, 39/3, pp. 381-400.
• Habib Borjian, Guyesh-shenâsi, 2006, Textual sources for the study of Tabari language I. Olddocuments, no. 4.

Other Studies

• Nawata; 1984; Mazandarani; Asian and African Grammatical Manual, No 17, Tokyo, ILCAA

Bibliography

• Johannes Albrecht Bernhard Dorn, 1860-66, Masanderanische Sprache (I-II/1, 3, St. Petersburg)
• Satoko Yoshie, 1998, Sari Dialect (of Mazandarani language), Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokio, Japan [4][5][6]
• Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 1995, Sari Dialect (of Mazandarani), Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.
• Dr. Shokri, Guiti; 2006, Ramsari Dialect , Tehran, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies.

More references

Chodzko, Alexander, 1842, Specimens of the popular poverty of Persia as found in the adventures and improvisations of Kurroglou, the bandit- minstrel of Northern Persia; and in the songs of the people inhabiting the shores of the Caspian Sea. Orally collected and translated, with philological and historical notes, London, pp. 510- 517, 568- 581. Christensen, A.; 1995 (tr); Contributions a la dialectologie iraniene, Dialect Guiläki de Recht, (Guyesh –e Gilaki-ye Rasht) translated, with notes by Ja‘far Khomāmi Zāde, Tehran. DeMorgan,J., 1904, Mission Scientifique en Perse, vol.5,Etudes linguistiques(I.) Dialectes du Kurds. Langues et dialects du nord de la Perse, Paris, pp.200-246. Geiger, w., &., Wilhelm Kuhn, 1898–1901; Die Kaspischen Dialekte;Grundriss der Iranischen Philologie , 1Band, 2Ab., Strassburg. Pp.344-380.. Dorn B. (ed.); 1860-1866; Kenntniss der Iranischen Srachen, St. Petersburg. Lambton, A.K.S.; 1938, Three Persian Dialects, London. Le Coq, P.; 1989; Les dialects Caspiens et les dialects du nord- ouest de l, Iran in Schmitt, R. (ed), Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, pp.296-312, Wiesbaden. Makenzi, D.; 1969; Iranian Languages, in Sebeok, Thomas, A. (ed), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.5, pp. 450-477, Nederland. MG. Melgounof, G., 1868, Essai sur les dialects du Masenderan et du Guilanla pronunciation locale, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenlandischen Geselaschaft, vol.xxII, pp. 195-224. Mozaffari, M., V., 1979, Noqāndāri, Langrud. Nowata, T., 1948, Māzandarāni, (Asian and African Grammatical Manual, No 17), ILCAA, Tokyo.

Oranski, I., M., 1979, (tr.), Moqaddame –ye Feqholloqe- ye Irani, translated by Kešāvarz, Tehran. Purriyahi, M., 1971, Barresi-ye dastur-e Guyesh-e Gilaki-ye Rasht (A Grammatical Study of Gilaki dialect of Rasht), (Ph. D Thisis), Tehran University. Sartip pur, J., 1990, Vižegihā-ye Dasturi va Farhang-e vāžehā-ye Gilaki (Grammatical Characteristics and Glossary of Gilaki), Rasht. Shokri, G., 1990, Verb Structure in Sāri dialect, Farhang, Vol.6, pp.217-231, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran. ----------, 1998, Māzi –ye Naqli dar Guyeshhā-ye Gilaki va Mazandarāni (Present perfect in Gilani and Mazandarāni Dialects), Nāme-ye Farhangestān, The Quarterly Journal of Iranian Academy of Persian Language and Literature, vol.4, No.4, Tehran. ----------, 2002, Verb Structure in Rāmsari Dialect, Professor Jes Peter Asmussem, Memorial Volum, Copenhagen, pp. 83-111. ----------, 1356, Farhang e Semnāni, Sorxe i, Lāsgerdi, Sangsari, šahmizādi, Vezārate Farhang o Honar, Tehrān. Sokolova, V.S. & Grjunberg, A.L.; 1962; История изучения бесписменных иранских языков (Istorija izuchenija bespis`mennyx iranskix azykov), lzd. AN SSSR, Moscow, pp. 118–147. A manuscript of Maghamat e Hariri in Arabic with translation into Mazandarani Tarjome –ye Maghamat e Hariri, Teheran, Malek library. (600 A.H) Zav`jalova, V:I:, 1956, Novye svedenija po fonetike iranskix jazykov, Gilanskij I mazanderanskij jazyki, Trudy Instituta Jazykoznaija AN SSSR, Moskva, vol.6, pp. 92-112. Yoshie, Satoko, 1996, Sāri Dialect, Iranian Studies, No.10, ILCAA, Tokyo.

See also

• Comparison Table of Iranian languages
• Mazandarani people

External links

• Ethnologue Report for Mazandarani
• Audio recordings available for Mazandarani
• Dictionary of Mazandarani, with translations into Saravi, Baboli, and Amoli dialects

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