Pendragon Cycle
All you want to know about Pendragon Cycle
The Pendragon Cycle is a series of fantasy or semi-historical books based on the Arthurian legend, written by Stephen R. Lawhead. They are:
- Taliesin (1987)
- Merlin (1988)
- Arthur (1989)
- Pendragon (1994)
- Grail (1997)
- Avalon (1999)
The Cycle was originally the "Pendragon Trilogy", but after Arthur's rather abrupt ending, and the existence of many unexplored stories and plotlines, Lawhead decided to expand on his trilogy by writing two prequels. Avalon is not considered to be a true member of the Cycle, but rather a 'related semi-sequel' to it.
Contents |
Overview
The series is work of fiction that takes place in the 5th and 6th centuries and attempts to present the Arthurian legends in a historical setting while presenting the story with a reality the reader can connect with. Lawhead bases his stories on the Mabinogion, the History of the Kings of Britain and other works of Geoffrey of Monmouth, the writings of Taliesin, Gildas, and Nennius, and several other legends that he manages to interweave into the Arthurian legend.
The books, with the exception of Taliesin and Avalon, are narrated in the first-person, and, except for Pendragon, Grail, and Avalon, are each split into three sections (Pendragon has four, Grail one, and Avalon five). Merlin and Pendragon are narrated by Myrddin (Merlin). The first third of Arthur is narrated by Pelleas, the second by Bedwyr (Bedivere), and the third by Aneirin/Gildas. Grail is mostly narrated by Gwalchavad (Galahad), with a short narration by Morgian (Morgan le Fay) at the beginning of most chapters. Taliesin follows Taliesin and Charis (the Lady of the Lake), alternating in each chapter; Avalon mostly follows James Stuart (the reborn Arthur), Merlin, and the fictional Prime Minister Thomas Waring.
Locations
A listing of the locations and place names used in the series, and their modern equivalents:
(see also List of Roman place names in Britain)
Characters
Many historical personas (some already included in the Arthurian legend) exist in the Cycle, alongside less "factual" characters: Taliesin, Magnus Maximus, Theodosius, Ambrosius Aurelianus, Vortigern, Constantine III, Myrddin Wyllt, Clovis I, Gwyddno Garanhir, Elphin, Horsa, Hengest, Cerdic, Aelle, Gildas, and Aneirin (in the series, it is revealed that the last two are the same person; born with the name Aneirin, he changes it to Gildas after Arthur's death).
| Series Character | Historical/Legendary Basis/es |
|---|---|
| Aneirin | Gildas |
| Arthur/Artos/Artorius ap Aurelius | King Arthur |
| Avallach | Fisher King/Avalloc |
| Aurelius | Ambrosius Aurelianus |
| Bedwyr | Bedivere |
| Cai/Caius | Kay |
| Caledvwlch/Caliburnus | Excalibur |
| Charis | Lady of the Lake |
| Cymry | Welsh |
| Ector/Ectorius | Sir Hector |
| Fergus mac Guillomar | Leondegrance/Fergus mor |
| Gereint | Gareth |
| Ganieda (Merlin's wife) | Ganieda (Merlin's sister in Welsh legend) |
| Gorlas | Gorlois |
| Gwalchavad | Galahad |
| Gwalcmai | Gawain |
| Gwenhwyvar | Guinevere |
| "Joseph's Thorn" | Holy Thorn |
| Llwch Llenlleawg/Llencelyn | Lancelot |
| Macsen Wledig | Magnus Maximus |
| Medraut | Mordred/Mapon |
| Morgaws | Morgause/Guinevere |
| Morgian | Morgan le Fay/Nimue/Modron |
| Myrddin | Merlin |
| Ogryvan | Agravaine |
| Paulinus/Paulus | St. Paulinus of York |
| Saecsens | Saxons |
| "Sea Wolves" | Scotti |
| Urien Rheged | Urien |
| Ygerna | Igraine |
Book Descriptions
The series (so far, at least) proceeds as told in the following descriptions:
Taliesin
Tells simultaneously the story of the fall of Atlantis, the subsequent travel of Princess Charis and her family to Ynys Prydein (Britain), and the discovery and training of Taliesin as a druid-bard. The two eventually meet, marry, and Myrddin (Merlin) is born, just weeks before Taliesin is murdered by Charis' jealous half-sister, Morgian.
Merlin
Narrated by Myrddin
Arthur
Narrated by Pelleas (first third), Bedwyr (second third), and Aneirin (last third)
Pendragon
Narrated by Myrddin
Grail
Narrated by Gwalchavad (majority) and Morgian (short narration at each chapter's beginning)
Avalon
Chronological Order
- Taliesin Book 1: A Gift of Jade (Atlantis segments)
- Taliesin Book 1: A Gift of Jade (Britain segments)
- Taliesin Book 2: The Sun Bull
- Taliesin Book 3: The Merlin
- Merlin Book 1: King
- Merlin Book 2: Forest Lord
- Merlin Book 3: Prophet
- Merlin Prologue
- Merlin Epilogue
- Arthur Book 1: Pelleas
- Arthur Book 2: Bedwyr
- Pendragon Book 1: Hidden Tales
- Pendragon Book 2: The Black Boar
- Pendragon Book 3: The Forgotten War
- Pendragon Book 4: The Healing Dream
- Grail
- Arthur Book 3: Aneirin
- Arthur Pendragon Prologues & Epilogues
- Avalon Prologue
- Avalon Book 1
- Avalon Book 2
- Avalon Book 3
- Avalon Book 4
- Avalon Book 5
- Avalon Epilogue
Inconsistencies
It should be remembered that although Lawhead retains an authentic and well researched grasp of the Arthurian legend, he was not concerned with writing a work of pure history. Therefore, any historical inconsistencies in his work should be taken in this context.
- The series begins c. 330AD with the destruction of Atlantis, but the lost island was first mentioned in literature in Plato's Republic, written c. 360BC. Lawhead himself acknowledges this, stating that (within his universe) the disaster Plato mentions is an earthquake that causes much of Atlantis to fall beneath the water, with it not being entirely sunk until later.
- In Taliesin, Maximus makes reference to "Imperator Constantine." The last emperor commonly referred to as Constantine in Maximus' time (Constantine II) died in 340, 43 years before Maximus' revolt in Britannia. Even assuming he's referring to Constantius II, there is still a 22-year gap between the death of "Constantine" and Maximus' revolt. In the books, he is portrayed as a younger/middle-aged; it's unlikely he'd have been stationed in Britannia for so long.
- In the second book of Pendragon, which takes place a year or two after Badon Hill, the Vandali invade Britain. The Vandal leader, Amilcar, tells how they were driven from Carthage by the soldiers of the "Emperor of Constantine's great city;" "Amilcar" is a Phoenician name, and Belisarius drove the Vandals from Africa in the year 534, well after Badon. The Vandali are described as Asiatic pagans, when in reality they were Germanic and Arian Christians; and it need not be mentioned that there never was a Vandal invasion of the British Isles.
- In the last part of Arthur, Arthur is sent a message from a certain "[Emperor] Lucius, Procurator of the Republic" of Constantinople, who never existed, although Lawhead here is obviously relating to the History of the Kings of Britain, which mentions such an emperor. In addition, in the Roman Republic, there never was a position called "Procurator of the Republic," and while the early Empire maintained the fiction of the Republic's continued existence, by the 6th Century the Byzantine Empire acknowledged itself as a monarchy. It should also be said that, in the later books, there is still much reference to the Western Roman Empire as a continued polity, despite the fact that it would have fallen by that point.
- In Pendragon, the monk "Paulinus" appears to be St. Paulinus of York; however, St. Paulinus lived three hundred years after the book takes place.
- In Taliesin, it is mentioned that potatoes were a staple of the early British diet, but were not introduced to Europe until after the discovery of the American Continents.
- In Grail, Gwalchavad mentions that Aneirin has encouraged him to write his book. He also mentions his lost brother, Gwalchmai, as still missing. However, in Aneirin's book (Part 3 of Arthur), Gwalchmai returns while Aneirin is still a young man, supposedly before he would begin to write his version of the tale and be of age/influence to encourage Gwalchavad to do so as well.
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