Sudden cardiac death

Sudden cardiac death Classification and external resources
ICD-10	I46.1
MeSH	D016757

The term sudden cardiac death refers to natural death from cardiac causes, heralded by abrupt loss of consciousness within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms.^[1] Other forms of sudden death may be noncardiac in origin. Examples of this include respiratory arrest (such as due to airway obstruction, which may be seen in cases of choking or asphyxiation), toxicity or poisoning, anaphylaxis, or trauma.^[2]

It is important to make a distinction between this term and the related term cardiac arrest, which refers to cessation of cardiac pump function which may be reversible (i.e., may not be fatal). The phrase sudden cardiac death is a public health concept incorporating the features of natural, rapid, and unexpected. It does not specifically refer to the mechanism or cause of death.

Causes

Although the most frequent underlying cause of sudden cardiac death is coronary artery disease, other categories of causes include:

• Non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities
• Hypertrophy of ventricular myocardium
• Myocardial diseases and heart failure, including
  • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy
  • Myocardial infarction
  • Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy
• Inflammatory, infiltrative, neoplastic, and degenerative processes
• Diseases of the cardiac valves
• Congenital heart disease
• Primary electrophysiological abnormalities, such as
  • Long QT syndrome, both congenital and acquired
  • Sick sinus syndrome
  • Brugada syndrome
  • Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
• Rhythm instability related to neurohumoral and central nervous system influences
• Commotio cordis
• Mechanical interference with venous return
• Aortic dissection
• Toxic/metabolic disturbances

References

1. ^ Myerburg, Robert J. "Cardiac Arrest and Sudden Cardiac Death" in Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2005.
2. ^ Sudden Unexpected Death: Causes and Contributing Factors on poptop.hypermart.net.

External links

• Sudden Cardiac Arrest Association
• Information from the Stanford Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center
• Sudden Cardiac Arrest Foundation
• Arrhythmia Alliance Sudden Cardiac Arrest Page

v • d • e Cardiovascular disease: heart disease - Circulatory system pathology (I00-I52, 390-429) Ischaemic/ Acute coronary CHD: CAD - Coronary thrombosis - Coronary vasospasm - Coronary artery aneurysm Angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina) - Myocardial infarction (heart attack) Myocardial rupture - Dressler's syndrome Layers Pericardium Pericarditis (Acute, Constrictive) - Pericardial effusion - Cardiac tamponade - Hemopericardium Myocardium Myocarditis Cardiomyopathy: Dilated (Alcoholic) - Hypertrophic - Restrictive (Loeffler endocarditis, Cardiac amyloidosis) Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia Endocardium/ valves Endocarditis (Subacute bacterial endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis, Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis) mitral (regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis) - aortic (stenosis, insufficiency) - tricuspid (stenosis, insufficiency) - pulmonary (stenosis, insufficiency) Conduction/ arrhythmia Heart block AV (1°, 2°, 3°) - Bundle branch (Left, Right) - Bifascicular/Trifascicular - Sinoatrial - Sick sinus syndrome - Adams-Stokes syndrome Pre-excitation syndrome Wolff-Parkinson-White - Lown-Ganong-Levine Tachycardia Paroxysmal - Supraventricular (AV nodal reentrant, Accelerated idioventricular rhythm, Sinus) - Ventricular (Torsades de pointes, Catecholaminergic polymorphic) Premature contraction Atrial - Ventricular Flutter/fibrillation Atrial flutter - Ventricular flutter - Atrial fibrillation (Familial) - Ventricular fibrillation Pacemaker Wandering pacemaker - Ectopic pacemaker - Parasystole - Multifocal atrial tachycardia Long QT syndrome Romano-Ward syndrome - Andersen-Tawil syndrome - Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome Cardiac arrest Sudden cardiac death - Asystole - Pulseless electrical activity Other Cardiomegaly - Ventricular hypertrophy (Left, Right/Cor pulmonale) Heart failure (Cardiac asthma) - Rheumatic fever See also congenital, neoplasia

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