Harmônio

Um harmônio ^{(português brasileiro)} ou harmónio ^{(português europeu)} é um instrumento musical de teclas que é muito similar ao funcionamento de um órgão, mas sem os tubos que caracterizam este último. Apesar de feito para uso doméstico, tornou-se um instrumento musical de uso típico em igrejas, por seu tamanho e preço. O som do harmônio é parecido com o do acordeão.

Índice 1 História 2 Construção 3 Repertório 3.1 Clássico 3.2 Popular 4 Ligações externas

[editar] História

O harmônio foi inventado em Paris em 1842 por Alexandre Debain. Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein (1723-1795), professor de Psicologia em Copenhague, foi creditado como o primeiro criador de um harmônio, depois de vencer o prêmio anual de 1780 da Academia Imperial de São Petersburgo[1].

[editar] Construção

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Harmoniums consist of banks of brass reeds (metal tongues which vibrate when air flows over them), a pumping apparatus, stops for drones (some models feature a stop which causes a form of vibrato), and a keyboard.

The harmonium's timbre, despite its similarity to the accordion's, is actually produced in a critically different way. Instead of the bellows causing a direct flow of air over the reeds, an external feeder bellows inflates an internal reservoir bellows inside the harmonium from which air escapes to vibrate the reeds. This design is similar to bagpipes as it allows the harmonium to create a continuously sustained sound. (Some better-class harmoniums of the 19th and early 20th centuries incorporated an “expression stop” which bypassed the reservoir, allowing a skilled player to regulate the strength of the air-flow directly from the pedal-operated bellows and so to achieve a certain amount of direct control over dynamics).

If a harmonium has two sets of reeds, it's possible that the second set of reeds (either tuned unison or an octave lower) can be activated by a stop, which means each key pressed will play two reeds. Professional harmoniums feature a third set of reeds, either tuned an octave higher or in unison to the middle reed. This overall makes the sound fuller. In addition, many harmoniums feature an octave coupler, a mechanical linkage that opens a valve for a note an octave above or below the note being played, and a scale changing mechanism, which allows one to play in various keys while fingering the keys of one scale.

Harmoniums are made with 1, 2, 3 and occasionally 4 sets of reeds. Classical instrumentalists usually use 1-reed harmoniums, while a musician who plays for a qawaali (Islamic devotional singing) usually uses a 3-reed harmonium.

[editar] Repertório

[editar] Clássico

• Antonin Dvorak's Five Bagatelles for 2 violins, Cello and harmonium Op.47(b79)

• The final collection of pieces by César Franck popularly known as L'Organiste (1889-1890) was actually written for harmonium, some pieces with piano accompaniment.

• Petite Messe Solonelle by Rossini is scored for two pianos and harmonium.

• Ages Ago, an early work by W. S. Gilbert with Frederic Clay features a harmonium part.

• Hin und zurück (There and Back), an operatic sketch by Paul Hindemith, uses a harmonium for its stage music.

• The Album Early Music by Kronos Quartet has several songs featuring harmonium.

[editar] Popular

• Aphex Twin's experimental Drukqs (2001) record appears to feature a harmonium in the track Penty Harmonium though it is unclear whether the instrument actually playing is real, sampled or programmed.

• Current 93's Sleep Has His House album features a harmonium for its length, a rare instrumental contribution from frontman David Tibet.

• Sufjan Stevens uses a harmonium at his live performances.

• Most of Nico's post-Velvet Underground career is marked by a heavy usage of the harmonium, in avant-garde drone songs.

• Brian May of Queen played a harmonium in the song Teo Torriatte (Let Us Cling Together) on Queen's album A Day at the Races.

• Jeff Buckley plays a harmonium in the song "Lover, You Should've Come Over" on his album Grace.

• Slade (band) used the Harmonium on "Merry Xmas Everyone" and "In for a penny".

• Julie Feeney plays harmonium on her album 13 songs.

• Ric Veda plays harmonium in modern indie rock music. [2]

• The Beatles used a harmonium extensively in their recordings, including "We Can Work It Out", "Cry Baby Cry", "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite", and " The Word".

• The Penguin Cafe Orchestra's Music for a Found Harmonium (not surprisingly) features a harmonium.

• Focus (band) has a part for the Harmonium in their song "Hocus Pocus (song)"

• The movie Punch Drunk Love features a harmonium as a major plot device.

• Ed Harcourt plays a harmonium on many of his songs including All Of Your Days Will Be Blessed from From Every Sphere and Something To Live For from Strangers.

• Talk Talk featured a harmonium player on their final two albums, Spirit of Eden and Laughing Stock

• Ivor Cutler uses a harmonium in many of his recordings and live performances.

• Tori Amos features harmonium on several songs in 1996's Boys For Pele. She also toured with a harmonium, in addition to a piano and harpsichord, in support of the album.

• Cornershop features harmonium on tracks such as "Sleep on the Left Side".

• Xiu Xiu features harmonium on many of their albums, as well as in the live setting; most notably featured in the songs "Dr. Troll," "Nieces Pieces," and "Rose of Sharon."

• Diane Cluck has used the harmonium on her albums, "Macy's Day Bird" and "Monarcana."

• Krishna Das plays the harmonium in many of his songs.

• Tom Waits plays the harmonium in some of his songs, mostly on later albums (from Swordfishtrombones and later).

• Space Mandino plays the harmonium while throat-singing in his song "Magic Thumb"

[editar] Ligações externas

• The Classical Harmonium (em inglês)
• Indian Harmonium Page (em inglês)
• Harmonium FAQ (em inglês)

Instrumentos musicais Organologia • Classificação Hornbostel-Sachs • Projeto Instrumentos musicais Instrumentos de cordas Cordas dedilhadas: Autoharpa • Alaúde • Baixo acústico • Baixo elétrico • Balalaika • Bandola • Bandolim • Banjo • Cavaquinho • Charango • Cítara • Craviola • Cravo • Espineta • Guitarra acústica • Guitarra elétrica • Guitarra havaiana • Guitarra portuguesa • Harpa • Lira • Kantele • Koto • Moodswinger • Moonlander • Saltério • Sangen • Siamise • Ukelele • Viola caipira • Viola de doze cordas • Violão • Violão de 7 cordas • Violão tenor • Virginal • Vihuela Cordas friccionadas com arco: Contrabaixo • Rabeca • Rebab • Viola • Viola da gamba • Violino • Violoncelo Cordas percutidas: Berimbau • Clavicórdio • Saltério • Piano Instrumentos de sopro Metais: Bombardino • Clarim • Corneta de madeira • Corneta de pistões • Didjeridu • Eufônio • Melofone • Oficlide • Sacabuxa • Saxotrompa • Shofar • Sousafone • Trombone • Trompa • Trompa alpina • Trompa de caça • Trompa de postilhão • Trompete • Flugelhorn • Trompete piccolo • Tuba Madeiras - embocadura livre: Flauta • Flautim • Pífano • Flauta baixo • Flauta de pan • Ney • Kaval • Quena • Shakuhachi • Zampronha • Flageolet • Flauta doce • Ocarina • Pennywistle Madeiras - Palheta simples: Clarinete • Clarinete baixo • Clarone • Requinta • Sarrusafone • Saxofone Madeiras - Palheta dupla: Bombarda • Contrafagote • Cornamusa • Corne inglês • Duduk • Dulcian • Dulzaina • Fagote • Gaita-de-fole • Hojok • Museta • Oboé • Oboé d'amore • Shehnai • Suona • Surnay Palhetas livres: Acordeão • Bandoneon • Concertina • Concertina hexagonal • Escaleta • Gaita • Harmônio • Sheng Compostos: Gaita-de-fole (palhetas simples e duplas no mesmo instrumento) • Órgão (Todos os tipos acima) Instrumentos de percussão Membranofones: Alfaia • Ashiko • Batá • Basler • Bateria • Bodhrán • Bongô • Boucarabou • Bumbo • Caixa • Conga • Cuíca • Davul • Dholak • Djembê • Djun-djun • Doyra • Khol • Malacacheta • Pandeiro • Repinique • Surdo • Tabla • Taiko • Tambor • Tambor falante • Tambor de tora • Tamborim • Timbales • Tímpano • Tom-tom • Zabumba Idiofones: Agogô • Afoxé • Atabaque • Bloco sonoro • Carrilhão • Castanhola • Caxixi • Chimbal • Chocalho • Ganzá • Metalofone • Pratos • Reco-reco • Sino • Sinos tubulares • Tambor de aço • Triângulo • Xequerê • Xilofone Cordas percutidas: Berimbau • Clavicórdio • Dulcimer • Piano Instrumentos de teclas Cordofones: Clavicórdio • Cravo • Espineta • Piano • Virginal Aerofones: Acordeão • Concertina • Escaleta • Órgão Idiofones: Carrilhão • Celesta • Eletrofones: Ondas Martenot • Sintetizador • Teclado • Sampler

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